Important Figures in Modern World History

Honors Modern World History with Heidlage at Newton North High School

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By: Audrey Derobert
Created: 2011-06-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 21

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John Locke

"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"
everyone born with tabula rasa (blank mind) therefore actions and development are influenced by environment

Montesquieu

"Spirit of the Laws" 1748
using scientific method to identify natural laws governing social/political relations to benefit society
identified 3 types of gov't and 3 branches — foundation of US Constitution

Voltaire

Parisian, wealthy middle-class
encouraged religious tolerance "Treatise on Tolerance" 1763
Deism: religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

Diderot

Encyclopedia, 28-volume collection of knowledge between 1751 and 1772
meant to change the general way of thinking
attacked religious superstition

Adam Smith

"Wealth of Nations" 1776
state shouldn't interfere, has 3 basic jobs: defend, protect the rights of citizens, and keep up public works
essay is an example of laissez-faire

Mary Wollstonecraft

"Vindication of the Rights of Women" 1700s
similarity of the power government has over people and men have over women
women can reason like men, so they should have equal rights

John Wesley

founder of Methodism
good deeds for society (abolition of slave trade)
gave lower and middle classes feeling of purpose

King Louis XV

King of France 1774-1791
spent taxpayers' money on frivolous things (for Marie-Antoinette)
became King of the French during limited monarchy
tried before National Convention and executed

Georges Danton

new minister of justice (early 1790s) l
led sans-culottes in quest to get revenge from those who helped the king
led to thousands being massacred

Maximilien Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety
director of Reign of Terror
killed thousands for having ties to king, being suspected of helping
dedicated to establishing a "Republic of Virtue"

Napoleon Bonaparte

coup d'état of the Directory set up after radical phase in 1799
emperor of new government called Consulate
created Grand Empire, master of Europe 1807-1812
finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815

Robert Owens

socialist
believed humans' natural goodness would come through if they worked cooperatively
helped New Lanark become a thriving industrial town

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister, led Congress of Vienna in 1814
claimed to be guided by principle of legitimacy (legitimate monarchs should be restored)
led to Bourbon monarchy being restored in France

Otto von Bismarck

prime minister of Prussia
strengthened military with reforms and taxes
"realpolitik" — based on practical matters, not ethics
was able to expand empire across Germany and south towards Switzerland

Czar Alexander II

Russians realized they were falling behind other European powers
abolished serfdom
new land system
couldn't please anybody, so when he died, son Alexander III took over and brought Russia back into repression

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

wrote The Communist Manifesto
blamed issues of factories on industrial capitalism
theory of overthrow of the proletariat

Emmeline Pankhurst

suffragist
used public stunts to draw attention to cause (stepping out onto racetrack)
aimed to give women full citizenship benefits
demands heard across Europe, though not acted on until WWI

William II

German Emperor 1888-1918
under him, Germany became strongest military and industrial force in Europe
success led German people to demand democracy as opposed to lack of ministerial responsibility

Czar Nicholas II

began rule in 1894
publicly declared belief in Czars' absolute power
industrialization boomed, socialist parties developed
led to criticisms of czarist regime; revolution in 1905

Saya Sen

Buddhist monk that led a peasant uprising against British takeover of Burman regime
resistance agaisnt Western imperialist powers and control

Queen Victoria

"Empress of India"
India was Britain's most prized colony
she had power over them, too

Mohandas Gandhi

peaceful rebellion against Britain control of India
protested salt tax, British invasions, control atrocities
always peaceful (never attacked)
later killed; led to India's eventual freedom

Rabindranath Tagore

Indian author, set up school that would become university
tried to promote Indian pride, even in face of British rule
one of India's greatest nationalists

Emperor Guang Xu

led 100 Days of Reform
called for major governmental, educational, administrative reforms
many opposed him — aunt (Empress Dowager Ci Xi) used imperial army to imprison him

John Hay

US secretary of State
proposed equal access to Chinese markets for all nations, still preserve Chinese Empire
reduced foreign import restrictions

Sun Yat-sen

radical; formed Revive China Society 1890s
created 3-step reform process (military takeover, preparations by revolutionary party, constitutional democracy
united radical groups across China; promoted nationalism and democracy

General Yuan Shigai

ruled traditionally after collapse of Qing Dynasty when Revolutionary Alliance didn't have political strength to form gov't
tried to reestablish an imperial dynasty
tried reverting to old ways instead of moving forward

Commodore Matthew Perry

first to succeed in opening Japan up to US when he landed in Japan in 1853
wanted to bring the singular, isolated nation into global market
first to reach Japan from outside world in more than 200 years

Emperor Matsuhito

symbol of new "enlightened rule"
transferred Japan into modern, industrialized nation
policy of reformation
Meiji Restoration

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary
assassinated June 28, 1914 by Serbian conspirators (black hand)
led to mobilization of Germany and Russia, beginning WWI

Emperor William II (see above)

promised to back Austria-Hungary in the case of a fight against Russia
"blank check", promising Austria-Hungary full support

Czar Nicholas II (see above)

after A-H declared war on Serbia, he declared partial mobilization against A-H
this was considered an act of war against Germany

Grigori Rasputin

Siberian peasant, claimed to be holy
influenced Czar's wife, Alexandra, who made important decisions while her husband was at war
used his influence over her to gain power over government affairs
assassinated (with difficulty) in 1916

Leon Trotsky

commissar of war
reinstated draft, united Red Army
morphed it into a well-disciplined fighting force, allowed them to win the civil war

V.I. Lenin

leader of Bolsheviks (faction of Russian Social Democrats)
believed only violent revolution could destroy capital system
believed in professional revolutionaries
Bolsheviks should gain control of soldiers, workers, sand peasants and use them to overthrow provisional government
kept power after overthrowing provisional government

John Maynard Keynes

British economist
argued unemployment came from decline in demand as opposed to overproduction
in order to increase demand, government should finance building projects, even if they had to go into debt (deficit spending)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic president, won in 1932
believed capitalism had to be reformed to be saved
created New Deal: policy of active government intervention (welfare system, program of public works) and prevented social revolution

Benito Mussolini

established first European fascist movement in Italy
came to power using squadristi (Blackshirts), armed Fascists who grew support
made Italy a totalitarian state
called "Il Duce", the leader

Adolf Hitler

developed political theories centered around racism (particularly anti-Semitism), extreme nationalism
joined German Workers' Party, rose to power
one of most powerful fascists in history
aggressive expansion of Germany, caused WWI
hatred of Jews, Holocaust

Neville Chamberlain

prime minister of Britain during Munich Conference
boasted on return that the conference meant "peace for our time"
Hitler had the power to manipulate Western leaders to give in to his demands and make them think they were doing the right thing

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of China
attempted to avoid conflict with Japan so that he could deal with the threat from communists
allowed Japan to govern areas of northern China when Chinese-Japanese clashes broke out
allowed Japan to encroach on territory and gain power without substantial opposition

Brezhnev

replaced Khrushchev from office in 1964, emerged as prominent leader in 1970s
Brezhnev Doctrine: right of the Soviet Union to intervene if Communism was threatened in a Communist state

Gorbachev

came to power in 1985
new thinking, led to radical changes (perestroika and glasnost)
new era for Soviet Union, brought Cold war to a close

About this deck

By: Audrey Derobert
Created: 2011-06-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 21

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy