In Class Notes- Chapter 28 The Cold War and Decolonization

StudyBlue printing of In Class Notes- Chapter 28 The Cold War and Decolonization html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } In Class Notes- Chapter 28 The Cold War and Decolonization I. A. B. United States becomes involved in international affairs -wants to prevent mistakes after WWI - US joins UN formed in 1945 -US forms North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 -first permanent alliance for the US - defense alliance btwn US and Western Europe - to prevent USSR from spreading influence westward -28 member nations, not including Russia - Eleanor Roosevelt wrote the charter -Warsaw Pact is created in response (including USSR, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania) C. The Marshall Plan -Western Europe destroyed by war -industries, infrastructure, economy -Western European nations could not recover alone -Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposes European Recovery Program (Marshall plan): -from 1948-1952 that funded 12.5 billion to European -eastern Europe invited to take part but USSR stops that they will help him -Marshall Plan helps Western Europe recover (from ie mass starvation) -also helps US economy by providing markets for US goods D. Disagreement over Germany -presented a big problem: Germany was divided by the Allies after WWII (NATO was involved on some level); USSR does not want the recovery of Germany because it was a strong enemy, but the US wanted Germany for future communist aggression) -(W) Federal Republic of Germany-democratic, market economy -(E) Germany Democratic Republic- communist -Berlin remained divided E. Confrontations in Berlin -divided among the Allies in 1945 -Berlin Airlift (1948-49) -Soviets unsuccessfully try to drive (w/ blockade) US, British, and French out of West Berlin (American ally) -only in the western half of Berlin was their European tradition F. East Germans leave East Berlin for West Berlin -East German government builds Berlin Wall in 1961 G. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe -Soviet troops refuse to leave Eastern Europe - only Yugoslavia under Josef Tito (was more economically communist, than politically communist) stands up to Stalin because it was not occupied by Soviet troops -communists come to power with Soviet help -manipulation of elections -eliminations of opponents -communists confiscate private property and impose censorship -because of the money they expect citizens to pledge loyalty H. Changes in Soviet leadership - Stalin dies 1953 -Nikita Krushchev becomes premier in 1956 -tries to introduce reforms (, but unsuccessful -removed in 1964 -Leonid Brezhnev becomes premier in 1964 -communist hard-liner -did not allow any reforms for Soviet Union and Eastern European -dies in 1982 - Gorbachev becomes premier in 1985 -allows reforms (kinder communist/pushing toward capitalism) -helps to turn USSR into Russia -starts to communicate again w/ the US -he understood that communism would not allow USSR to move forward -last soviet leader I. Threat of Nuclear Warfare -WWII ends with atom (as opposed to plutonium and uranium bomb, it was much worse) bombs dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki by US in 1945 - introduction of atom bomb changes warfare -USSR explodes first atom bomb in 1949 (just testing; is not permitted anymore) -US no longer holds monopoly on nuclear weapons -US and USSR engage in nuclear arms race, increasing threat of nuclear war -people began to build shelters J. The Cold War expands beyond Europe -civil war: US supported nationalists .vs. the communist(USSR supported) Chinese ( Mao Zetong c.1945-1949); shocks US -nationalists retreat to Taiwan K. The Korean War -Korea ruled by Japan btwn 1910-1945 -Korea divided into communist North and anti-communist South in 1945 (38th parallel- North, soviets, Sought Koreans/dmz-demilitarized zone) -North Korean forces invade South Korea in 1950 -US troops drive North Koreans back by 1953- we funded($ and arms) South, they fought -Status-quo maintained to today--signed a cease-fire, but not a peace treaty L. Cuba - Fidel Castro overthrows (prez. Kennedy) US-backed dictatorship (1959) - Castro ultimately sides with Soviets - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) -USSR (Krushchev) discovered to be installing missiles in Cuba (in response to US missiles in Turkey; we had spies; three submarines carrying cuban missiles were eventually brought back to USSR too -Kennedy demands Soviets to take out missiles, closest both countries came to nuclear war - Bay of Pigs - Kennedy sent CIA spies in to see what Cuba was up to and they were caught by communist rebels M. End of Colonialism -WWII ends European power -Britain and France, no longer major world power- takes +30 years to gain independence -Colonies in Asia and Africa gain independence btwn 1945-1975 -mostly peaceful transition to independence, allies form N. The Vietnam War -Vietnam, a former French colony -France attempts retake Vietnam between 1946-1954 and fails -Vietnam divided into communist north and anti-communist south -US spends 20 years protecting South Vietnam against Communist guerillas (Viet Cong), tunnels, trench warfare, ethics, biological warfare - Lyndon Johnson escalates US involvement in 1965--the US citizens didn't want this; it was frustrating that US weren't winning since they had not been defeated in a very long time; gov't lied to the public, newsreels were biased/censured -"Domino Theory"- if Vietnam becomes communist other countries could become communist -South Vietnam fails to communists in 1975 - Ho Chi Min (communist leader) O. Challenges to Soviet Domination -Hungary (1956) -starts to fight against communism once it gains independence -Czechoslovakia (1968) -Prague Spring (revolution) -Czechs wanted to make domestic reforms -Soviet tanks put down --were met with hatred not as heros IV. Détente A. easing of tensions between US and USSR -Nuclear Arms agreements reached during 1960-70's -US recognizes People's Republic of china as legitimate government of china - - -1980's Gorbachev and Reagan worked toward ending the cold war, became 'friends' -