Inflammatory & Immune Response

Nursing 2240 with Shelby at Trevecca Nazarene University

About this deck

By: Charly Hood
Textbook: Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
Created: 2011-02-11
Size: 32 flashcards
Views: 23

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Purpose of Inflammation

neutralize the causative factor, to clean up dead tissue, and make area suitable for repair

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Rubon (redness) [hyperemia], Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Tumor (swelling), altered function

Fluid movement in inflam response

increase in permeability of capillary and small vessel walls leads to protein and fluid leakage

Cell movement in inflam response

blood becomes more viscous as fluid leaks out into injured area.; RBCs and WBCs adhere to the lining of the vessels and WBCs begin to move out to injured tissue

Chemotaxis

chemical signal in injured tissue that attracts WBCs

Mediation of the inflam response

1. Histamine is stored in mast cells; Mast cells are injured, histamine released causing visodilation and increased vascular permeability

2. Plasma factors are activated by injury and become vasoactive

Granulocytes

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs or polys) appear early to engulf bacteria thru the release of enzymes

Eosinophils respond to allergic rx and parasitic infections

Basophils contain histamine and heparin (important in immune response)

Monocytes

slow moving with longer life than PMNs

Macrophage moves in, phagocytic and kills and digests various agents

In connective tissue called "histiocytes" and in spleen, liver, and lymph system call "fixed macrophages"

Patterns of inflammation

Acute, chronic, subacute

Systemic aspects of inflammation

Fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, increase pulse and resp rate

Immune Responses

Humoral & cell mediated

Humoral Response

Involves antibodies/immunoglobulins, B lymphocytes

Cell Mediated Response

carried out by lymphocytes that react specifically, T lymphocytes, cannot be transferred

From fungus, parasites, HIV, and TB

Rules of the Intact Immune System

Mounts against only foreign material (antigenic)

More rapid response with repeated exposure (memory)

Specific response to specific antigen (specificity)

T lymphocytes

from thymus, differentiate into helper cells, suppressor cells, and killer cells

B lymphocytes

Not under influence of thymus, produce immunoglobin antibodies

Null cells

have receptors for immunoglobi G (IgG)

NK cells

natural killer, can destroy some tumor cells

Types of Immunoglobins/antibodies

IgG - circulating; important for resistance to infection and passive resistance for fetus

IgM - early receptors to antigens

IgA - found in mucosal surfaces

IgE - attached to mast cells and help cause release of histamine for allergic rx

Complement System

inactive proteins that are activated by antigen; alters the cell membrane of the antigen, causes release of histamine from mast cells which increases vascular permeability, and chemotaxis

Anaphhylactic-type Reaction

IgE attach to mast cells, memory, then rapid release

Ex. penicillin, pollen, peanuts, stings, shellfish

Histamine

causes increased vasodilation and increased capillary permeability which leads to swelling and redness

Type IV

Cell mediated Ex. contact dermatitis and rejection of foreign grafts

Autoimmunity

body loses tolerance to own tissue

Infection

invasion of tissues by microorganisms

Transmissibility

Direct - coughing, sneezing, touching

Indirect - thru soil, inanimate objects, food, water, insects

Exudate & Excreta - blood and body fluids

Invasiveness

microbial agent must establish self in or on body

Virulence

ability of the microorganism to overcome defense mechanisms

Body Defense Mechanisms

intact skin & mucous membranes, GI tract (immunoglobin A, hydrochloric acid from stomach), resp tract (immunoglobin A, cilia, coughs, sneeze), inflammatory response

Septicemia

virus or bacteria in blood stream

Opportunistic infection

organisms that do not normally produce disease can do so if the host organism has compromised defense mechanisms

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus is causative agent

About this deck

By: Charly Hood
Textbook: Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
Created: 2011-02-11
Size: 32 flashcards
Views: 23

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj