Integument

Zoology 328 with Hill at Michigan State University

About this deck

By: Samantha Cowell
Textbook: Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates
Created: 2011-04-20
Size: 47 flashcards
Views: 47

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epidermis

two basic layers (with transitional layers between)

Stratum germinativum-cells that continue to divide, lies right above basement membrane

Stratum corneum-dead, keratin-filled cells

dermis

fibrous connective tissue

thicker than epidermis

cellular and non-cellular parts - mostly non-cellular

terrestrial amphibians-frog skin

thin stratum corneum: must allow cutaneous respiration, protection vs. abrasion, water loss

glands: many muliticellular mucous glands, epidermal but sink into dermis, no unicellular glands

bird skin

epidermis-quite thin

note feather shafts

arrector plumari muscles in dermis move feathers

mammal skin

thin epidermis - many layered stratum corneum (dead cells)

footpad

stratum corneum is very thick on soles of feet->footpads, calluses

many glands originate in epidermis; they lie in dermis

blood vessels, nerves-plentiful in dermis

hair

produced by epidermal cells

shaft sinks into dermis

melanosomes-passed to shaft->color

arrector pili muscles-smooth muscle, make hair "stand on end"

fish scales

placoid scales

ganoid scales

ctenoid and cyclod scales

placoid scales

found only in sharks

like miniature shark teeth

bony base, dentine, enamel-same composition as all vertebrate teeth

ganoid scales

gar, birchirs

bone, dentine (cosmine) and very heavy enamel layer (ganine)

ctenoid scales

teleosts

acellular bone

living cells are only around periphery-> growth rings

scale bears small teeth

most "sharp-rayed" teleosts-perch, bass, sunfish

cycloid scales

teleosts

acellular bone

living cells are only around periphery-> growth rings

scale is round, lacks teeth

most "soft-rayed" teleosts-goldfish, trout, herring, cod

reptile scales

stratum corneum->epidermal scales

scales are thick layers of stratum corneum, much keratin

areas between scales-thinner, very flexible

snakes-shed stratum corneum in one piece

turtles

carapace<-3 sources (scleratome, dermatome, epidermis)

endocondral bone-ribs, vertebrae-endoskeleton

dermal bone - from dermis, major component of hard shell

epidermal scales cover surface-keratin

plastron - scales (scutes) of keratin supported by dermal bone of neural crest origin

reptile claws

epidermal; made of keratin

birds - scales

legs and feet - covered with horny scales (reptilian)

feathers

brightly colored

combination of pigments and scattering of light

pigments are passed to feather from chromatophores

arrector plumari muscles in dermis move feathers

calamus

Ornithol the basal hollow shaft of a feather; quill

rachis

Ornithol the shaft of a feather, esp the part that carries the barbs

vane

Ornithol the flat part of a feather, consisting of two rows of barbs on either side of the shaft

barbs

One of the parallel filaments projecting from the main shaft of a feather.

barbules

A small barb or pointed projection, especially one of the small projections fringing the edges of the barbs of feathers.

contour feathers

any of the feathers that cover the body of an adult bird, apart from the wings and tail, and determine its shape

down feather

small feathers whose barbs do not unite to form a closed vane, thus giving it a fluffy appearance.

filoplumes and bristles

feathers in which the barbs are very reduced or lost. the former probably have a sensory function. the later are present in some species around eyes and nostrils (to keep dirt out) and mouth (to help trap insects).

flighless bird feathers

the barbs are not held together by barbicels or hooklets. because of their location on the body, however, they are usually considered "contour feathers"

the feathers are symmetrical

in the emu, two shafts emerge from one calamus. in most birds, a small "afterfeather" accompanies the much larger contour feather. in emus, the two are of equal size.

color in bird feathers

color results from the selective reflection and absorption of different wave lengths. reflection and absorption are each determined by both the pigmentation and the structural characteristics of a feather.

if all wave lengths are reflected, the bird appears white.

if some wave lengths are absorbed, we will perceive color.

melanin - most common

carotinoids from food - red, orange, yellow

porphyrins (nitrogenous compounds) - pinks and reds

flamingo feathers

beautiful pink coloration comes from the food (small crustaceans) upon which they feed

feathers also display structural colors: iridescence - light is reflected back from barbules

macaw feather

blue coloration is produced by the very ordered structure of a feather and by the presence of tiny air sacs in the feathers.

when a blue feather is held agains the light, feather looks black.

yellow - chemical

blue - stuctural

epidermal scales in mammals

keratin - tail of beaver, rat

beaver skin - note scales on tail, as well as fur and claws

dermal bone

dermis can produce bone

armadillo shell - armadillos are the only mammals to encase themselves in bone

quills

porcupine - compounded hair

baleen

humpback whale - keratin plates called baleen sieve out krill when baleen whale raises tongue

horns

surface is keratin, bony center

usually present in both sexes

permanent-not shed

cattle, sheep, goats

antlers

bone, epidermal covering, not keratin

usually present only in males

usually shed annually

deer family

lamprey teeth

keratin, smaller and softer

shark teeth

The teeth of sharks are not attached to the jaw, but embedded in the flesh, and in many species are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life. All sharks have multiple rows of teeth along the edges of their upper and lower jaws. New teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on a "conveyor belt" formed by the skin in which they are anchored.

aligator teeth

teeth are of one type (homodont), rather than several different types (heterodont), the way mammal teeth are

mammal teeth

teeth are heterodont - different kinds of teeth - incisors, canines, molars. mammal teeth may be very different in different species, however.

rodent teeth

(porcupine, beaver, rat) - note that the incisors keep growing throughout life, chewing helps with teeth becoming too long.

the tip is not covered in enamel

an advantage to an animal that chews through hard materials is that teeth are sharper and harder

orange coloration is the result of iron deposition

bovid teeth

molars are not completely covered by enamel

dentine clears away, leaving sharp enamel ridges, harder and sharper

mammoth tooth

elephant and mammoth teeth are incompletely covered with enamel. The softer dentin wears down (grooves) leaving the sharp enamel ridges to grind food. (Mastodon teeth are different).

wart hog

elongated canines (tusks) form in both upper and lower jaws

crab-eater seals

have lobodont teeth

sea lion

incisors are grooved

teeth are white in young animals and darken with age

the dark coloration is the result of pigment (melanin) deposition in the teeth

narwhal

type of whale with a long "tusk"

tusk is actually one very long left incisor that grows out through the lip of the male narwal

since the tusk is highly innervated, its function is probably neurosensory

strap-toothed whales

type of beaked whale

have one pair of lower teeth that break through the gum in males only

teeth can grow from the lower jaw, encircling the upper jaw so that opening of the mouth is severely re

About this deck

By: Samantha Cowell
Textbook: Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates
Created: 2011-04-20
Size: 47 flashcards
Views: 47

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis