lab 1

BIOLOGY 453 - COMPARATIVE VERT. ANATOMY WEK 1, LAB 1: Anatomical Terms & Introduction to Chordates Learning Goals 1. Be able to use these positional terms to locate structures relative to each other: a. cranial = anterior, caudal = posterior, dorsal = superior, ventral = inferior, anal, rostral, proximal, distal. b. medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral superficial, dep, parietal, visceral. 2. Be able to recognize transverse, sagital (mid- vs. para-) & coronal sections of microscopic slides of whole specimens. 3. Learn who are members of the CLADES Chordata & Craniata/Vertebrata. 4. Be able to identify & locate these shared chordate features (when visible) in whole mount or transversely sectioned amphioxus & lamprey larvae: notochord, pharyngeal gil slits, endostyle, dorsal holow neural tube, and a post-anal tail. a. How is the endostyle modified in the lamprey larva? What does this structure become in an adult lamprey? b. Why aren?t ?myomeres? listed as a shared, derived chordate trait? 5. Compare & identify the visible sensory organs of Amphioxus: its oceli with the larger sensory organs on the lamprey: eye, otic vesicle (future ear). Find the single nostril on the preserved lamprey larvae. 6. Identify these ?craniate/vertebrate? traits in the slides of ammocoetes: eye, otic vesicle (future ear), ?brain?, heart, liver, kidney, pharyngeal cartilages, dorsal aorta. 7. Why wil you find large gonads in some Amphioxus slides, but not readily visible gonads in the Ammocoete? 8. Can you explain why the same structures are found in similar locations within the bodies of chordates & vertebrates? 9. Can you describe the diet & feding behavior of an Amphioxus & a larval lamprey? Specimens to Examine Specimens Types of Material Whole, preserved specimens Whole mount, microscope slides Transverse sections, microscope slides Cephalochordates (Amphioxus) X X X Larval Lamprey (Ammocoete) X X X Traditional Taxonomy & Major Clades Traditional Taxonomy Major Clades Phylum Chordata Examples: Amphioxus or Branchiostoma, Hagfish, Lamprey & al other vertebrates Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) Examples: hagfish, lamprey, shark, bony fish, amphibian, turtle, aligator, and al other vertebrates Clade Chordata Includes: Cephalochordates (Amphioxus), Urochordates (tunicates) & Vertebrates Shared derived traits: notochord dorsal holow neural tube, "post-anal" tail - i.e. region beyond anus, pharyngeal gil slits, & endostyle (thyroid gland). Clade Craniata/Vertebrata Includes: Hagfish, Lamprey & al other vertebrates Shared derived traits: large, tripartite (3 part) brain, large sense organs on head (eyes, ears, etc), cranium (bone/cartilage) suports around the brain, ventral heart, kidney, liver & more. Aditional Sources of Information Topic Pages to read: Anatomical Terms Vertebrate Clasification Cephalochordate (Amphioxus) Vertebrate (Lamprey/Amocoete) Liem et al 21, 23 28-3, 41-45 35-40 Fishbeck & Sebastiani, 2 nd ed. 4-5 1-3 21-26 14-18 Gros Anatomical Terms, Planes, Positional Terms Developmental Biology Online. 207. Univ. of Guelph. Direction & Orientation. htp:/ww.uoguelph.ca/zology/devobio/210labs/person.html Terms for Direction & Orientation. htp:/ww.uoguelph.ca/zology/devobio/210labs/terms1.html Planes of Section. htp:/ww.uoguelph.ca/zology/devobio/210labs/planes1.htm Univ. of Minesota, Veterinary Anatomy Web Site. 207. Directions & Planes (interactive diagrams) CMV610 Veterinary Anatomy. htp:/vanat.cvm.umn.edu/anatDirections/index.html Amphioxus Arenz, C., G. Duncan. 200. Lab 13. Echinoderms, Hemichordates, Fish & Amphibians. Biol. 060. Nebraska Wesleyan Univ. htp:/biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/Courses/Labs/Biology_of_Animals/Image%20Web%20Pages/Chordata/Amphioxus_image.html Cornel University. 207. Autotutorial Introductory Biology. BioG 105/106 Subphylum Cephalochordata. htp:/instruct1.cit.cornel.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/cephalochordata.html Phylum Chordata. htp:/instruct1.cit.cornel.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html#features Filipski, G. 207. Univ. of Alberta. Zol. 25 - Laboratory 1. Protochordates & Cyclostomes. htp:/ww.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zo.25/lab1.html Florida State Univ. 208. Kingdom Animalia - Eucoelomates - Phylum Chordata. BSC201L. Introduction to Animal Diversity. htp:/bio.fsu.edu/~bsc201l/phylumchordata.html Fox, R. 206. Invertebrate Anatomy Online: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus). htp:/webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/branchiostoma.html Francis Marion Univ. 208. Lab 1 - Phylum Chordata. Biology 106. htp:/alpha1.fmarion.edu/~bio106lab/chordata.html Molecular Expresions. 203. Amphioxus (Lancelet). Phase Contrast Image Galery Optical Microscopy Primer: htp:/micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/phasegalery/amphioxus.html Shaw, M. 205. Lab 13. Animal Diversity II. Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata. Biol. 1020. Univ. of Manitoba htp:/ww.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/biological_sciences/lab13/biolab13_3.html#Cephalochordata Univ. of Texas at Arlington. 205. Chordata. Predental Student Asociation. htp:/ww.uta.edu/studentorgs/pdsa/chordata.htm Larval Lamprey (Amocoete) Arenz, C., G. Duncan. 200. Chordata: Ammocetes (larval lamprey). Biology of Animals. Bio. 060. Nebraska Weslyan Univ. htp:/biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/Courses/Labs/Biology_of_Animals/Image%20Web%20Pages/Chordata/Ammocetes.html Filipski, G. 207. Univ. of Alberta. Zol. 25 - Laboratory 1. Protochordates & Cyclostomes. htp:/ww.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zo.25/lab1.html Houseman, A.M.J. 208. Animalia - Chordata - Cephalaspidomorphi. Ammocoete images (some are upside down!) Biodidac. htp:/biodidac.bio.uotawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=AGNA028P&File_type=GIF htp:/biodidac.bio.uotawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=AGNA029P&File_type=GIF htp:/biodidac.bio.uotawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=AGNA023P&File_type=GIF htp:/biodidac.bio.uotawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=AGNA024P&File_type=GIF htp:/biodidac.bio.uotawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=AGNA017P&File_type=GIF Fox, R. 206. Invertebrate Anatomy Online: Lamprey Eel, Ammocoete Larva. Lander University. htp:/webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html Olympus Microscopy Center. 208. Darkfield Digital Image Galery: Lamprey Larva (Ammocoetes). htp:/ww.olympusmicro.com/micd/galeries/darkfield/ammocoetes.html Sievert, L. 207. Protochordates & Larval Lamprey. Vertebrate Structure & Development. ZO 515 - 516. Emporia State Univ. htp:/academic.emporia.edu/sievertl/verstruc/protoch.htm Anatomical Planes Anatomical planes are imaginary "slices" through the body that divide it into 2 parts. Sagital [sagit = arow] - divides the body or structure into miror images of right & left sides. Mid-sagital or Medial - made by a vertical cut along the midline. Parasagital [para = beside] Divide the body into unequal right & left sides a vertical cut that is moved lateraly from the midline onto the right or left side. Transverse [trans = acros] Divide the body or structure into cranial & caudal sections. Frontal or Coronal [coron = crown] - divide the body or structure into dorsal & ventral sections. Parasagital Mid-sagital Frontal Transverse Typical Positional Terms (Humans are slightly diferent for some) Cranial or Anterior [crani = skul] - Toward the head region. Caudal or Posterior [caud = tail] - Away from the head, towards the tail. Dorsal - Superior The uper surface of a structure. Ventral - Inferior the lower surface of a structure. Rostral [rostr = beak, snout] - The nasal area of an organism. Anal [ana = anus] - Region around the digestive system's exit from the body. Proximal [proxim = nearest] - A body extremity (e.g. limb) that is closer to the trunk; object is closer to point of origin. Distal [dist = stand apart] - A body extremity (e.g. limb) that is farther from the trunk; object is farther from point of origin. Medial [medi = midle]- Nearer to the midline of the body or the midline of a structure. The midline is a vertical line that divides the body into equal right & left sides. Lateral - Farther from the midline of the body or the midline of a structure. Ipsilateral [ipsi = same] - On the same side of the body as another structure. Contralateral [contra = oposite] - The oposite side of the body as another structure. Superficial - Toward or on the surface of the body or surface of a structure. Dep - Away from the surface of the body or the surface of a structure. Parietal [parie = a wal] - Pertaining to or forming the outer wal of a body cavity. Visceral [viscer = organs] - Pertaining to the covering of an organ within ventral body cavity. Dorsal Superior Ventral Inferior Anterior Cranial Posterior Caudal Rostral Anal Distal Proximal Superficial Dep Lateral Medial Visceral Parietal Microscope Slide Interpretations Some microscope slides are ?whole mounts? & contain the entire organism. Sometimes deper tisues have ben stains and superficial structures made transparent, but in many cases, fine focal adjustments are neded to view structures at difering depths. Some microscope slides are made of thin slices from a thre-dimensional organism. How a particular organ was cut can alter its apearance. Compare the folowing sections of the same tubes to se what can hapen. Figures from: Esential Histology. D.H. Cormack, J.B Lipincot Co., 193 Clade Chordata: Amphioxus Whole Mount Amphioxus Identify the folowing: Positions: cranial = anterior, caudal = posterior, dorsal = superior, ventral = inferior. Oceli; simple visual receptors lack lenses. Major regions of the digestive tract: pharynx with gil bars, intestine, anus. Metameric structure: myomeres. Chordate traits: notochord, dorsal holow neural tube, "post-anal" tail - i.e. region beyond anus, pharyngeal gils Anterior Section Posterior Section (without tail) Atriopore - exit for water from gils 15 7 7 1 1 2 2 13 9 (black dots) 3 12 14 1 13 12 (translucent V- bands along body) Transversely Sectioned Amphioxus ? Through Pharynx Identify these: Positions: dorsal = superior, ventral = inferior, medial & lateral. Major region of the digestive tract: pharynx. Metameric structure: myomere. Gonads: ovaries (large egs visible) vs. testes. Visible chordate traits: notochord, dorsal holow neural tube, pharyngeal gil slits, and endostyle Transversely Sectioned Amphioxus ? Through intestinal region or tail: Identify these: Positions: dorsal = superior, ventral = inferior, medial & lateral. Major region of the digestive tract: intestine. Metameric structure: myomere. Gonads: ovaries (large egs visible) vs. testes. Visible chordate traits: notochord, dorsal holow neural tube Amphioxus section through pharynx. Amphioxus section through intestine. 2 12 12 13 16 1 1 7 7 3 5 Clade Craniata/Vertebrata: Larval Lamprey Whole Mount Microscope Slide: Larval Lamprey (Amocoete) Positions: cranial = anterior, caudal = posterior, dorsal = superior, ventral = inferior. Major regions of the digestive tract: pharynx, intestine, anus Metameric structure: myomere Visible Chordate traits: notochord, brain & spinal cord (derived from dorsal holow neural tube), "post-anal" tail - i.e. region beyond anus, subpharyngeal gland - homolog to the endostyle of Amphioxus, becomes thyroid gland of adult Craniate traits (list is NOT complete): large brain (extends anterior to the notochord & posterior over part of pharynx) eye spot, ear = otic (= auditory) vesicle - visible on some slides (not sen in image below), heart, liver 15 14 6 18 19 13 1 10 7 2 12 Posterior or Caudal Region 12 7 7 1 8 13 6 Transversely Sectioned Larval Lamprey (Amocoete) Positions in al transverse sections of the Ammocoete: dorsal, = superior, ventral = inferior, medial, lateral. Major regions of the digestive tract: pharynx & intestine Metameric structure in al transverse sections: myomere Chordate traits that the Ammocoete shares with the Amphioxus: in a section through pharynx: notochord, spinal cord, pharyngeal gils, and subpharyngeal gland in a section through intestinal region or tail: notochord, dorsal holow neural tube Craniate trait visible in the intestinal region: kidney (not visible below, but should be present on some slides). Section through pharynx Section through intestine Draw your own view with kidney tisue. Close up of notochord & spinal cord (neural tube). 1 - notochord 8 - brain 16 - ovary 2 - pharynx 9 - oceli = photoreceptors 17 - testes 3 - pharyngeal gil bars 10 - eye 18 - heart 4 - gil lamelae 1 - ear (otic vesicle) 19 - liver 5 - endostyle 12 - myomere 20 - kidney 6 - subpharyngeal gland 13 - intestine 21 - posterior cardinal veins 7 - neural tube/spinal cord 14 - anus 2 - dorsal aorta 15 - post-anal tail 23 - cartilages that suport the gils 1 2 7 4 23 7 1 21 21 2 7 1 13 2 23 12 12 Diagram of Amphioxus, Transverse Section: Label the folowing: myomere, notochord, neural tube, post-anal tail, anus, pharyngeal gils, oceli, intestine Label the key parts in this image of Amphioxus. Label the key parts in this drawing of an Amocoete. How can you tel these cros-sections apart? Find at least 2 important clues! Karen Microsoft Word - 453lab1-09.doc