Lab Exam 1
Biology 109 with Shefferley at University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa
About this deck
By: Jennifer Hodnett
Created: 2011-03-02
Size: 160 flashcards
Views: 91
Created: 2011-03-02
Size: 160 flashcards
Views: 91
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What part of either microscope to you look through?
ocular lens
What should you carry the microscope by?
Arm and base
Where do you place the slide?
On the Stage
What is the revolving nose piece?
The piece on the compound that as the objective lenses attached to it and can be turned for different powers.
What are the objective lenses?
Lenses on the compound which have varying powers of magnification.
What part of the compound focuses the light on the specimen?
Condenser
What part of the compound controls the amount of light reaching the object being observed?
Iris Diaphragm
What knob adjusts the distance between the stage and the objective to bring the specimen into APPROXIMATE focus?
Coarse Adjustment Knob
What knob adjusts the distance between the stage and the objective to bring the specimen into FINE focus?
Find adjustment knob
What illuminates the specimen being viewed?
Light source
What is the basic difference between the compound and stereoscopic microscopes?
Compound is for very small specimens and the stereoscopic is for objects in three dimensions.
After placing a newspaper clipping on a wet mount slide, what must be done next?
Place a drop of water (known as suspension) on the slide.
What water (or suspension) in placed on the wet mount slide, what do you do next?
Gently place a coverslip's edge at the edge of the suspension and gently lower it onto the slide, spreading the suspension evenly under it.
How is total magnification calculated?
By multiplying the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.
What is resolution?
the ability to distinguish two points as being separate
Under the COMPOUND microscope, describe the movement of the specimen when moved left, right, up, or down. Is it right side up or upside down?
When moved left, it moves right, when moved up, it moves down, etc. It is upside down
Under the STEREOSCOPIC microscope, describe the movement of the specimen when moved left, right, up, or down. Is it right side up or upside down?
When moved left, it moves left, when moved up it moves up, etc. It is right side up.
A slide is about 8 cells across. Magnification of the cells is 100x. The FOV is 5mm across on 40x magnification. Calculate size of each cell in um.
Multiply your mm by 1000 to get micrometers = 5000
Set up your formula: FOV low X Mag low = FOV high X Mag high. Plug in numbers to get: 5000 X 40 = FOV high X 100 Do the math. 200,000 = 100FOV high. So 2000 = FOV high. Divide by # of cells = 250um
Cell size formula
Diameter of FOV divided by number of cells
What is depth of field?
The vertical distance that remains in focus at one time.
What happens to the field of view when the magnification increases?
It becomes smaller
What are the correct steps to store a microscope after use?
- turn off light
- remove slide
- clean the lenses and stage
- rotate the nose piece to the low power objective
- unplug and wrap cord around base
- put on dust cover
- put in the correct cubicle
What is part of the Axial Skeleton?
The skull, ossicles of the ear, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
What is part of the Appendicular Skeleton?
Arms, legs, pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Where is compact bone found on a long bone?
The hard outer part of the bone.
Where is cancellous or spongy bone found?
Inside the ends of the long bone?
Where is the medullary cavity?
Inside the shaft of the long bone.
Where is yellow marrow found?
inside the medullary cavity.
Where is the red marrow found?
in the cancellous or spongy bone
What is the function of yellow marrow?
fat storage
What is the function of red marrow?
production of red and white blood cells and platelets.
Where is the humerus?
The bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow.
Where is the femur?
The bone extending from the hip to the knee
Where is the tibia?
The main bone extending from the knee to the ankle.
Penny: You will take the "Outside" measurement for the outside of the penny. You will read the measurement at the 0 on the top scale. Jar: You will take the "Inside" measurement for the inside of the jar. You will read at the 0 on the bottom scale.
What is the difference between metric and non metric characteristics?
Metric characteristics are measurable with tools. Non metric characteristics are not measured--they typically describe something based on approximate shape.
Study these parts of the diagram:
pubic symphysis
obturator foramen
greater sciatic notch (in yellow) sacrum
coccyx
**Notice this is the posterior view (from behind)
Study these parts of the diagram: Ischium
Sub-pubic angle.
Pubic width
Greater Sciatic Notch
Male on left, Female on right
What are some of the non metric characteristics of the female vs male pelvis?
Female pelvic opening is more circular with only the coccyx showing. The male pelvis is more heart-shaped with both the sacrum and coccyx showing.
How do you convert cm to in?
Divide by 2.54
If you have someone who is 66 inches tall, how many feet & inches is that?
It is 5.5 feet which equals 5 feet and 6 inches. Remember to convert to the closest inch because there are 12 inches per foot, not 10.
What are two functions of the skeletal system?
Support of the body
Movement of the body by providing muscle attachment sites.
Cardiac. It is striated and has intercalated discs.
Skeletal. It is striated and multi-nucleated.
Smooth. It is non-striated and has one nucleus per cell.
Know:
Z line
M line
I band
A band
H zone
Actin
Myocin
What is the M line?
It is the center line of the sarcomere. (Can remember as middle line)
What is the H zone?
The region where there are only myocin is present. It extends on either side of the M line but ends before the overlap of actin filaments.
What is the A band?
All regions which contain the thick myocin filaments. It does overlap actin filaments.
What is the I band?
The region where there are only actin is present.
What is the Z line?
The borders of the sarcomere on either side of it.
Which filament is thick and in the middle?
myocin
Which filament is thin and on either side?
actin
How does fatigue and temperature effect muscle function?
Both cold temperatures and fatigue slow down the rate at which the muscles can contract.
What is the difference between a flexor and an extensor?
A flexor contracts to DECREASE the angle between two bones.
An extensor contracts to INCREASE the angle between two bones.
An extensor contracts to INCREASE the angle between two bones.
What is an antagonistic muscle pair?
A flexor and an extensor
What is a strain?
A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon
What is a sprain?
an injury to a ligament
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?
You choose when to move voluntary muscles (skeletal). Involuntary muscles move without your consent (smooth & cardiac)
What is a cramp?
an involuntary, painful contraction of muscles which produces a hard, bulging muscle.
What structure attaches muscles to the skeleton?
tendons
What is the contractile unit of a muscle cell called?
A sarcomere
What is the term for the bundle of units that make up muscle fibers?
Myofibrils
What is the type of energy that is necessary for myosin/actin interaction?
ATP
What structures allow for muscle contraction to spread through the heart muscle?
Intercalated discs
What stimulates muscle contraction for each type of muscle?
Skeletal: Motor Neurons
Cardiac: Ion Channels
Smooth: Nervous system through hormones
What would a typical graph look like that measured the repetitions of a muscular activity over a span of time?
It would go down over time
Bird
Cat (it looks a lot like human blood--it is non nucleated and it might be concave??)
Fish
Frog
Horseshoe crab. (It is blue when oxygenated)
Human
Trypanosoma causes what? How is it spread?
African Sleeping Sickness. Insect Bites.
Plasmodium causes what?
Malaria. Insect Bites.
What is Trypanosoma?
An elongated, vaguely corkscrew shaped cell that funcations as in EXTRACELLULAR parasite.
What is Plasmodium?
A round, purple staining organism that functions as an INTRACELLULAR parasite.
Trypanosoma
Plasmodium
Blood type A has what on its surface?
A antigens
Blood type B has what on its surface?
B antigens
Blood type AB has what on its surface?
A and B antigens
Blood type O has what on its surface?
Nothing
If you want to understand blood typing what should you do?
Play the blood typing game and don't kill the people!
http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landsteiner/
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
What are the two types of clotting agents?
platelets or thrombocytes
Blood cells are suspended in what?
plasma
What is hemoglobin?
The molecule responsible for oxygen transport
What is blood morphology
differs across taxonomic groups, reflecting the differing requirements of the blood for animals with different ecologies and evolutionary histories.
What is Hemocyanin?
the oxygen transport dissolved in the blood plasma of a horseshoe crab
What is sickle cell anemia?
an inherited blood disorder and is characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells that occur in much lower numbers that do normal RBC's.
What is anemia?
a shortage of RBC's in the blood
What are the two basic types of white blood cells?
Ganulocytes and Agranulocytes
The ending for all granulycytes is what? What are the granulocytes?
Phil. Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
The ending for all agranulocytes is what? What are the agranulocytes?
Cyte. Monocytes and lymphocytes.
What is a generic term for white blood cells?
Leukocyte
Which of the mammals has differently shaped red blood cells? Why?
Camels. Accommodates swelling and shrinking for hydrations purposes.
Why might mammals have non nucleated blood?
To allow maximum oxygen transport
Can you think of other reasons why misshapen cells cause physiological problems in people with sickle cell anemia other than blood vessel blockage?
sickle cells do not live as long, don't absorb oxygen.
How do sickled cells compare with the human red blood cells? How do human RBC's compare to the RBC's of other organisms.
Sickled cells are crescent shaped, other normal cells are donut shaped. Human and mammals have non nucleated cells. Invertebrates are nucleated. Horseshoe crabs have no red blood cells.
Why would we be interested in enumerating the number of one type of WBC versus other types of WBC's?
Because WBC's will show a reduction increase or alterations when they have a disease.
What is one example of the way blood borne pathogens have influenced human evolution?
Human adaptations to plasmodium--persons herterozygous for sickle cell anemia gene are more resistant to malaria. sickle cells have evolved three times and are more resistant to malaria.
Where are antigens located in the blood? Where are antibodies located in the blood?
Antigens are on RBC's
Antibodies are in Plasma
In the simulated blood activity, what was the anti-A serum able to react with?
Anything that has an A (A or AB blood)
When given a transfusion, why can people with type O blood receive only type O blood?
Because it has Anti A's and Anti B's that will attack any other type of blood.
What are valves for and where are they found?
To prevent the backflow of blood. Found in the heart (4) and in the veins.
Arteries carry blood in what direction?
Away from the heart
Veins carry blood in what direction?
Towards the heart
Be able to identify a real human heart.
What is the difference between the right and left ventricles?
The left ventricle is surrounded by thicker muscle tissue than the right ventricle. This is because the left pumps blood through the entire body where as the right pumps it to the lungs and back.
What two defining features do the right and left ventricles both possess?
Chordae tendineae and Papillary muscles
What is the flow of blood though the heart?
RA Right Atrium
TV Tricuspid Valve
RV Right Ventricle
PTSLV Pulmonary Trunk Semu lunar valve
L Lungs
PV pulmonary veins
LA Left atrium
MV Mitral Valve
LV Left Ventricle
ASLV Aortic Semi lunar valve
A Aorta
Head & Arms Trunk & Legs
Superior Vena Cava Iferior Vena Cava
What is the "Lub Dub" sound?
Lub: the bicuspid and tricuspid valves closing
Dub: the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing
What is systolic pressure?
the term for contraction, the highest pressure of the cardiac cycle
What is diastolic pressure?
the lowest pressure, occurs when the heart relaxes
Which number is on top in the blood pressure reading?
Systolic over diastolic
What happens to your blood pressure when you are lying down, standing up or running?
Lying down: it is lower
Standing up: it is higher because it is working harder to pump blood throughout your body
Running: It is very high from the increased beats of your heart to keep up with your body
Describe the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries carry oxygen away from the heart. vein return blood to the heart and prevent backflow of blood. Capillaries exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes with the cells of the body.
How does the pulse rate taken by the radial artery compare to the pulse rate taken with the stethoscope? If they are different what could account for this difference?
They are usually the same. Conditions such as heart arrhythmias is when the heart rate is higher than the pulse rate.
List two things that could cause your blood pressure to increase temporarily
stress and exercise
If an individual had a low or average cardiovascular fitness lever could he or she improve it? How?
With good nutrition and exercise.
Research indicates many heart attacks occur when people get out of bed. Why?
Someone would go from a low sleeping heart rate to being scared and the blood pressure and heart rate goes up so rapidly a heart attack could occur.
How could people be scared to death?
If your heart begins to beat faster than it should you could have damage to the tissues of the heart causing a heart attack or death.
What are the body's three main defense mechanisms?
- Physical and chemical barriers
- Nonspecific defense mechanisms
- Specific defense mechanisms
What are the different examples of physical and chemical defense barriers?
Epidermal Structure
Constant Cell replacement
Low pH
Earwax
Lysosomes (found in tears and saliva)
Strong stomach acids
Mucus in respiratory tract
What are the different examples of non specific defense mechanisms?
Phagocytes (WBC's)
Inflammation
- pain
- swelling
- redness
- warmth
What are the different examples of specific defense mechanisms?
Immune Response
Lymphocytes
- cells of the immune system responsible for the specific immune response
Three components of the Immune response
- Recognition of specific pathogens
- Memory of past exposures resulting in a faster response
- Protection of the entire body
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
What are B lymphocytes responsible for?
Antibody-mediated immunity
What are T lymphocytes responsible for?
cell mediated immunity
What are the types of T lymphocytes?
Cytoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Cytoxic T cells do what?
Directly kill pathogens
Helper T cells do what?
help activate and induce proliferation (rapid growth) of B lymphocytes and other T lymphocytes.
What does the HIV virus attack?
Helper T cells
How does HIV cause death?
Because it attacks helper T cells it weakens the immune system and the body becomes susceptible to infections. The body is unable to fight it off and a normally "minor" infection can cause death.
What is an allergy?
An inappropriate response of the immune system to a non harmful substance
What kind of cell releases histamine?
Mast cells
What is a double diffusion assay?
A test that determines antibody-antigen specificity by the production of a precipitin line.
What is a precipitin line?
A visible antibody-antigen complex
What is does histamine cause?
Creates small openings in capillaries allowing white blood cells and fluids to enter the surrounding tissues resulting in inflammation and swelling.
How does adrenaline (epinepherine) counter act an allergic reaction?
increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages
What are the immune responses in the video designed to do when they work correctly?
Itching = to remove something from skin
Swelling = dilutes the pathogens and toxins
What happens when the immune responses don't work correctly?
You go into anaphylactic shock and can die without treatment.
Skeletal muscle is made of of what?
Bundles of long fibers running parallel to the length of the muscle and each individual fiber in one elongated cell which contains many nuclei.
Muscle fibers are made up of what?
Bundles of Myofibrils
Myofibrils are composed of what?
Two types of microfilaments
What are the two types of microfilaments?
thin and thick filaments
What are the thick filaments composed of?
Myosin
What are the think filaments composed of?
Actin
What connects bone to muscle?
tendon
What is the sliding filament model?
During muscle contraction neither the thin or thick filaments change in length when the sarcomere shortens; rather the filaments are simply sliding past one another.
What are intercalated discs?
Allow for cardiac muscle contraction to spread from heart cell to heart cell independently of the nervous system
What interacts between actin and myosin?
head like structures
About this deck
By: Jennifer Hodnett
Created: 2011-03-02
Size: 160 flashcards
Views: 91
Created: 2011-03-02
Size: 160 flashcards
Views: 91
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis