Lecture 18
Psychology 230 with Sarter at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Laura Ramirez
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
Created: 2012-03-21
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 52
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth EditionCreated: 2012-03-21
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 52
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What kind of memories are key to our cognitive capacity? What is the problem with the usual answer to this question?
strong and precise memories; we often form and create our own memories, most of the time incorrectly
9/11 example: many people claimed to have seen the first plane crash on video, but the first plane was not taped to begin with
What did Karl Lashley not find?
the location of the memory trace
What did Karl Lashley test?
the effects of brain lesions on the performance (recall) of rats trained to navigate mazes
What conclusion did Karl Lashley come to in terms of the relationship between the amount of brain matter you destroy and the severity of memory deficit?
the more brain matter is destroyed, the more severe the memory deficit
Who was associated with the equipotentiality law and what does it state?
Karl Lashley; states that any specific area of destruction does not matter when regarding memory deficits
What type of surgery and for what purpose did patient Henry Molaison have to go through?
bilateral medial temporal lobotomy; intractable seizures
What effect did Henry Molaison's surgery have on his seizures?
it reduced them
What negative effects did Henry Molaison's surgery have?
anterograde amnesia
What is anterograde amnesia? Example?
inability to form new memories
e.g., can't remember the name of the person he met 30 minutes prior
What is retrograde amnesia? Example?
memories covering three years prior to surgery can't be retrieved
e.g., can't name new world leaders or performers
How was Henry Molaison's short-term memory affected by his surgery? How was his IQ?
normal
e.g., digital recall remained the same
Relatively high IQ
Who was Brenda Milner?
Studied patient H.M. and discovered that he had anterograde amnesia;
neuroscientist that made a recent publication in 2010 "Neuropsychologia" at the age of about 92
What are some examples of retrograde amnesia?
- don't recall where I was on 9/11
- don't recall where I was born
- don't recall the name of my parents
What are some examples of anterograde amnesia?
cannot commit new information to memory, such as recalling the name of someone you just met
Q2: Who do you think has a most problems retrieving memories from the recent past?
a) a person with a mild anterograde amnesia
b) a person with a complete anterograde amnesia
c) a person with no anterograde amnesia
d) a politician
(Ok, d is a joke), but clearly, if you put it up there as a joke, there is some truth to it XP
What are the effects of selective CA1 damage?
memory impairment, but limited severity
What happens if there is additional damage to adjacent cortical regions aside from damage to CA1?
greatly exacerbates the memory impairment
also signs of cortical thinning, and subcortical atrophy, infarcts
What type of memory is the medial temporal memory system associated with and what parts is it composed of?
declarative memory; hippocampus, and perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices
Where does the hippocampus lie in humans?
beneath the cortex of the medial temporal lobe
Where does the anterior extent of the hippocampus lie?
below the posterior entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
Where does the main body of the hippocampus lie?
beneath the parahippocampal cortex
What is the parahippocampal cortex referred to in the rat?
postrhinal cortex
How did patient H.M. learn and improve his performance? What was the flaw with this method?
mirror-tracing task; could not recall training episodes or having experienced the task
Specifically referring to declarative and procedural information, what type of amnesia did patient H.M. have?
amnesia for declarative (facts) but not procedural (perceptual, motor) information
What are two types of long-term memory?
declarative and nondeclarative (procedural) memory
What is declarative memory?
things you know that you can tell others
What is nondeclarative (procedural) memory?
things you know that you can show by doing
Why can declarative memory so readily be tested in humans?
because humans can talk
What type of memory can readily be tested in both humans and other animals?
nondeclarative memory
What was delayed non-matching to sample performance impaired by in an experiment with rats?
impaired by temporal lobe lesions
What was the conclusion made from the delayed non-matching to sample rat experiment?
processing of declarative information in the temporal lobe is necessary for memory formation.
Why did Lashley fail to find effects of large lesions on memory in rats, while destruction of just the hippocampus and surrounding cortex suffices in yielding complete anterograde amnesia in primates?
because he searched for the circuits of procedural memory in regions mediating memory for declarative information
What structure of the brain was patient N.A. associated with?
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
What accident did patient N.A. suffer?
miniature fencing foil entered brain through right nostril and destroyed left dorsal thalamus, mammillary bodies
What effects did patient N.A.'s accident have?
limited retrograde amnesia; marked amnesia for declarative information
What was concluded from the effects of patient N.A.'s accident?
temporal lobe systems plus midline thalamic- prefrontal systems involved in declarative information processing
What accident did patient B.J. suffer?
during a game of snooker, cue pushed up left nostril; mammillary bodies completely removed
What do mammillary bodies normally give rise to?
massive projection to medial thalamus
Who's pattern of memory disorder was patient B.J.'s similar to?
patient N.A.
What is episodic memory?
memories in which information retained the temporal-spatial context in which it was learned or experienced
What is semantic memory?
memories in which the information is retrieved as an isolated unit from long-term memory, in the absence of experiential context
What damage did patient K.C. undergo as a result of his motorcycle accident?
frontoparietal damage; temporal lobe (including hippocampal) shrinkage
What were the effects of Patient K.C.?
selective deficit for famous names and vocabulary terms from 5-year period just prior to injury; deficit particularly profound for elaborated semantic knowledge (e.g., word definitions, occupation of famous person)
What do autobiographical memories remain dependent on?
the hippocampal complex for as long as they exist
What are semantic memories primarily mediated by and what can they endure?
by the neocortex, and can survive extensive hippocampal complex damage once the consolidation process is complete
What are three types of nondeclarative memory? Examples of each?
- skill learning: knowing how to ride a bicycle
- priming: being more likely to use a word you heard recently
- conditioning: salivating when you see your favorite food
What was Korsakoff's syndrome?
massive retrograde amnesia plus anterograde deficits
What is the primary cause of Korsakoff's syndrome in alcoholics?
thiamine deficiency/ vitamin b deficiency
What degenerates in Korsakoff's syndrome?
degeneration of midline thalamus (including mediodorsal thalamus), mammillary bodies, similar to N.A.
What is the purpose of mammillary bodies?
a route connecting temporal lobe/ hippocampal with dorsal thalamic and frontal lobe
How may different attributes of memory be processed?
by different brain systems
What are some attributes of memory?
- space
- time
- affect
- sensory perception
- response
What processes affect?
amygdala
What processes locomotor response?
caudate nucleus
What processes space and time?
hippocampal formation
What processes sensory perception?
extrastriate cortex
What does the medial temporal lobe distribute?
the attributes of an event, and linkages between them in corresponding regions of the cortex
What is a memory sensitive to prior to consolidation?
damage in the medial temporal lobe, including hippocampus, possibly because such early recall employs access routes that are similar to encoding mechanisms
What happens after a memory is consolidated?
access routes become embedded into more general schemes for memory access, no longer dependent on mirroring the encoding mechanisms; no longer dependent on temporal lobe
What are the brain regions involved in episodic memory?
storage in cortex, perhaps especially in right frontal and temporal regions
What brain regions are involved in semantic memory?
storage in cortex, perhaps especially in temporal lobe
What brain regions are involved in memory for skill learning?
basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum
What brain regions are involved in perceptual priming?
reduced activity in bilateral occipeto-temporal cortex
What brain regions are involved in conceptual priming?
reduced activity in left frontal cortex
What brain regions are involved in simple conditioning?
cerebellar circuit
What brain regions are involved in complex conditioning?
hippocampus and cortex
About this deck
By: Laura Ramirez
Textbook: Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
Created: 2012-03-21
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 52
Textbook:
Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience, Fifth EditionCreated: 2012-03-21
Size: 66 flashcards
Views: 52
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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