Lecture 2/10/11

StudyBlue printing of Lecture 2/10/11 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Sensation & Perception How does the outside world get inside our heads? Sensation : process by which important changes in the state of the world create changes in the state of the brain Perception : process by which changes in the state of the brain give rise to our conscious experience of the world Blindsight - thinks they are blind, but they can guess horizontal or vertical stripes 80% of the time Sensation Importing What's Important Sensing as Change Detection Perception Going Beyond What We Can Sense Sensation - Importing What’s Important bat - echolocation bees - sense earth’s magnetic field Senses - Distal sense (distance) - olfaction (smell), vision, audition Proximal (close) - touch, taste Visual capture Information flow in the brain thalamus - giant relay station, first place info goes to, sends info to right place of brain Vision is modular segregating figure form background consciousness color motion Retinotopic maps can distinguish what you you are looking at based on map Visual orientation-specific neurons millions of cells specialized to build map of our world The what & where pathways separate what - identifying things where - tell you where it is Sensation - Sensing as Change Detection Contrast when two white identical circles placed in different backgrounds, they look different Change is “contrast over time” senses detect change - relative, not absolute The brain is a percentage-of-change detector change blindness from 0% change (color adaptation) Saccades Change blindness from very gradual change when you see something regularly, you dont notice change see things less often, notice more changes Change blindness from 100% change a small break of perception can make us miss a change Perception - G oing Beyond What We Can Sense Color constancy our brains shift to match up our vision with what we think we should see snowball always looks very white Idealism - "Conception without perception is empty, perception without conception is blind." Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 Reality → Sensory Apparatus → Conscious Awareness The Blind Spot quarter sized blind spot Phonemic restoration even when we lose a tiny sound in a word or sentence, we can still fill in missing information Sound & Vision When we see something that conflicts with what we are hearing (incorrect lip movements), it can altar what we hear The Ames Room carefully constructed room to make items on left much smaller than item on right; person on right is much closer to you Expectancy Effect if you are informed that something is supposed to happen, you are much more likely to recognize it, even manipulate it to better fit that expected idea Where do we get our theories about the world? experience? hard-wiring/genes? The role of experience Mueller-Lyer Illusion experience can teach us things that lead to illusion The role of hard-wiring the way physical objects are supposed to behave are hard-wired Evolution builds in mechanisms for dealing with invariant aspects of the environment and lets learning figure out the stuff that changes Key Ideas sensation detects the percentage of change in important stimuli human beings are visual specialists perception uses theories to interpret sensation and construct our experience of reality theories can be hardwired or acquired but never fired even idealists secretly believe they are realists