Lecture 3: Other Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Science 120 with Olson at University of California - Merced

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Created: 2011-06-06
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Protein Electrophoresis?

Use electrical field to pull proteins through agarose gel

-proteins must have charge

-Proteins mush have the same shape

-Use SDS to denature proteins and apply a negative charge

Allows us to determine the size of the protein based on how far it traveled

Carbohydrate chemical formula?

C_n(H2O)_n

What are some facts about carbohydrates?

They are an energy source

They are a way to store energy

-this form of energy can be transported

Carbohydrates can form "carbon skeletons" for molecules

Monosaccharides?

Simple sugars

Glucose, fructose, ribose

Disaccharides?

two simple sugars

Sucrose

Oligosaccharides?

3 to 20 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides?

100"s to thousands of monomers

starch, glycogen, cellulose

All ___________use glucose as an energy source.

Cells

What are some facts about Glucose?

Glucose can exist as a straight chain of six carbons



Glucose can exist as a ring of six carbons

 -Ring is more common because it is more stable



Glucose ring form can exist in one of two forms

 -α-glucose or β-glucose

 -These two forms can change back and forth

Monosaccharides have different #'s of carbon and

Hexoses–six carbons (stucturalisomers)

-Glucose



Pentoses–five carbons

-Ribose, Deoxyribose

Monosaccharides bing together in ______________.

polysaccharides

Use condensation reactions

Form glycosidic linkages

-Glycosidic linkages can be α or β

Oligasaccharides may contain functional groups. Gives them ....

Special properties

May often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids

-Act as recognition signals on cells

- Human ABO blood groups

Polysaccharides are giant polymers of ________________.

monosaccharides

Starch –glucose storage in plants

-Some branching, α-linkages



Glycogen –glucose storage in animals

-High branching, α-linkages



Cellulose –very stable structural component in plants

-Linear (no branching), β-linkages



Chitin –structural component in insects and fungi

-Has additional functional group (N-acetyl) –hydrogen bonds

What are the functional groups that Carbohydrates can be modified in?

Sugar phosphates

-important in metabolism cycles

Amino sugars

-found in extracellular matrix- glycoproteins and cartilage

Chitin

-Exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Lipids?

nonpolar hydrocarbons

Affected by van der Waals forces when close together

Not true polymers because no covalent bonds between subunits

_______and_________store energy.

fats, oils

Phospholipids?

structural role in cell membranes

Carotenoids and chlorophylls?

pigments

Light -absorbing molecules in plants and animals

Steroids and modified fatty acids?

hormones and vitamins

Animal Fat?

thermal insulation

-blubber

Lipid coating around nerves?

electrical insulation

Oil and wax?

repels water on skin, fur, and feathers

Fats and oils are ___________________.

triglycerides- simple lipids

composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Glycerol?

3C molecule with 3-OH groups

Fatty acid?

nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with polar carboxyl group

Carboxyl bonds with hydroxyl in ___________linkages.

ester

Saturated fatty acids?

no double bonds between carbons (saturated with H atoms)

Unsaturated fatty acids?

some double bonds in carbon chain

Monounsaturated?

one double bond

Polyunsaturated?

more than one double bond

Facts on animal fats.

Tend to be saturated

Tightly packed

Solid at room temperature

Plant oils.

Tend to be unsaturated

The bends at double bonds prevent packing

Liquid at room temperature

Phospholipids?

two fatty acids bound to glycerol

Phosphate group binds to third hydroxyl



Head –polar (hydrophilic) phosphate group



Tail –nonpolar(hydrophobic) fatty acid chains



Amphipathic–molecule with two opposing properties

In aqueous solution, ______________ line up with hydrophobic tails together and hydrophilic heads facing outward

Phospholipids

Forms a bilayer- sheet two molecules thick

Vitamins?

small molecules not synthesized by body

-must be acquired in the diet

Waxes?

highly nonpolar and impermeable to water

Nucleic acids?

polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA?

ribonucleic acid

Nucleotides?

monomeric subunits of nucleic acid polymers

consist of pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Backbone of DNA and RNA?

is a chain of sugars and phosphate groups bonded by phosphodiester linkages

Antiparallel?

two DNA strands run opposite direction

What are the DNA Bases?

Adenine (A)



Cytosine (C)



Guanine (G)



Thymine (T)

Complementary base pairing



A –T



C –G



Purinesand pyrimidinespair by hydrogen bonds

RNA uses Uracil (U) instead of _______________.

Thymine

RNA is usually single stranded

- complementary base pairing occurs in some RNA

What are the 2 functions of DNA comprise the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA can reproduce itself

-replication

DNA can copy its information into RNA

-Transcription

RNA can specify sequences of amino acids in polypeptide

translation

Genome?

Complete DNA of a living organism

Genes?

DNA sequences that encode specific proteins

ATP?

energy transducer in biochemical reactions

GTP?

eneegy source of protein synthesis

cAMP?

essential to the action of hormones and transmission of information in the nervous system

What are 2 theories on the origin of life?

Life come from outside of Earth

Life arose on Earth through chemical evolution

What happened in 1969? Makes us think of Extraterrestrial Origins.

meteorite fragments were found to contain molecules unique to life



Purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and 10 amino acids



Evidence from other meteorites suggest that living organisms could possibly have reached Earth within a meteorite

Chemical Evolution?

conditions on Earth allowed the formation of simple molecules(prebiotic synthesis)

What did Miller and Urey do?

Used gases thought to have been present in Earth’s early atmosphere



Used electric spark to simulate lightning as an energy source to drive chemical reactions



After several days, biomoleculeswere formed

Amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines

Current living organisms require the interaction of what?

Nucleic acids and Proteins

Metabolism first?

Life began in tiny droplets

 -Random chemical changes increased survival rates and allowed primitive reproduction



Catalysis and reproduction could have occurred without proteins on minerals such as pyrite (iron disulfide)

 -Also serves as an energy source

Replicator first?

Nucleotide polymers- certain sequences have the right shape to be catalytic and reproduce themselves

Ribozyme?

folded RNA molecule that acts as catalyst

-Can catalyze reactions on their own nucleotides as well as other molecules

-RNA may have evolved first and catalyzed its own replication as well as protein synthesis

Peptide linkages are catalyzed by ____________in living organisms.

Ribozymes

Reverse transciptase?

enzyme found in retro viruses

-catalyzes synthesis of DNA from RNA

Lipid bilayer?

fatty acids form a compartment withpolar heads facing out and tails facing in

 -Water inside compartment and outside in environment

These protocellsallow small molecules such as sugars and nucleotides pass through



If short nucleic acid strands that are capable of self-replication are inside the protocells, nucleotides can enter and become incorporated into new polypeptides

About this deck

By: santiago mendoza
Created: 2011-06-06
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 2

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
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