Lecture 4/7/11

StudyBlue printing of Lecture 4/7/11 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Language every species has a form of communication there is no limit to the ideas we can express but animals are very limited What is Language? Semantics Phonology Syntax Pragmatics Two Myths About Language Linguistic Determinism Chimpanzee Language What is Language? Idea → words → sounds Semantics : study of word meanings Phonology : how words are encoded into sound Syntax : the way in which we arrange our words to form sentences What is Language? - Semantics we capture meaning in arbitrary symbols "toilet" doesn't look like a toilet, "subway" doesn't look like a subway the average High School graduate knows 45,000-60,000 words 1st birthday to 20th birthday = 6,939 days 6.5 new words/day, or one every 3 hours The Parsing Problem in foreign languages, it is difficult to differentiate between different words when hearing a sentence The Reference Problem can't always know true meaning when hearing a foreign word social referencing: I see what other people are referencing to novelty matching: one thing = one word, assuming a new word indicates a new thing in the environment intentionality: kids match meaning to objects category assumption: we put similar objects into the same category What is Language? - Phonology Detection & Discrimination our mind exaggerates sound differences Voice Onset Time : the time it takes to create the noise until it leaves your lips newborn babies have the ability to distinguish between every phonetic sound, but the ability disappears quickly Production our language is complex to articulate infants need to practice making sounds by cooing and babbling make hand signals What is Language? - Syntax allows us to take a group of words and make a logical sentence we regularly use 1,000-2,000 words Noam Chomsky - linguistic, most cited living person on Earth, writes about politics, universal grammar - one human language, but we all learn a variant of it, different dialects all languages have identifiable subjects, verbs, objects most languages are SVO (ENglish) or SOV fewer are VSO <1% are OVS none are OSV children spontaneously "invent" grammatical structure rules (grammar) and words (meaning) are separable Broca's aphasia vs. Wernicke's aphasia How do children learn the rules of their language? instruction? but some cultures in which parents rarely speak to children children are very hard to teach imitation? but children say many phrases that adults would not say reinforcement? parents only pay attention to meaning, not grammar in our genes, we are ready to learn language Sensitive Period for Syntax period of time when syntax is easiest to learn, young Ex. Genie - raised in cupboard under stairs when learning another language later in life, the info is stored in a different place than if it is learned earlier What is Language? - Pragmatic Implicature/The Principle of Charity listeners expect speakers to be: informative truthful relevant clear unambiguous brief orderly the word that is most emphasized gives a sentence a completely different meaning Two Myths About Language - Linguistic Determinism The way you think is created by the way you speak Our language creates our thinking Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, founded by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf Strong form of Whorfian hypothesis: Eskimo have 100 words for snow Hopi have no words for time NOT TRUE Mandarin has no subjunctive TRUE, but it doesn't make a difference Weak form of Whorfian hypothesis: "Thinking for speaking" - Dan Slobin Feminine vs. Masculine nouns in other languages tend to describe object as feminine or masculine depending on language's grammar Two Myths About Language - Chimpanzee Language Nim Chimpsky "Nim eat Nim eat" "Drink eat me Nim" "Me gum me gum" "Tickle me Nim play" "Me eat me eat" "Me banana you banana me you give" Slowish 2-year old human "Look at that tran Ursula brought." "We going turn light on so you can't see" Same kid at 3 years old "Can I put my head in the mailbox so the mailman can know where I are?"