Lecture 5: 19th Century Suburbs and City Beautiful

StudyBlue printing of Lecture 5: 19th Century Suburbs and City Beautiful html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Lecture 5: 19th Century Suburbs and City Beautiful 2 Types of Suburbs * private response to industrial issues (vs. public parks= public response) right out side city; low diversity pastoral Beautiful, curving roads- upper/middle class; inc. class tensions--> move to suburbs Factors to Suburbanization * Germ Theory of Disease- cities full of disease--> move * Cult of Domesticity- new ideal of women in homes, not in cities, homemakers Environmental Determinism- idea that environment determines your character, success, morals, etc. RR within cities- made moving to suburbs easier (cars= even easier) Llewellyn Park, Orange, N.J, 1853 Llewellyn Haskell, developer- wanted to be with like-minded ind. Perfectionist: contact with nature= moral guidance--> since then, landscape connected with social level vision: seamless landscape, carefully paid out Picturesque, new ideals for wealthy Americans- exclusivity, gates Alexander Jackson Davis, architect Baumann, Daniels- landscape gardeners high class, well-surrounded Riverside, IL, 1868 Designers: Olmsted and Vaux Developer: Riverside Improvement Company speculative development- never finished shocking! curving roads- opp. National Grid; “village greens”- Olmsted- result of curvy roads; single family homes; privacy prevailed est. infra, parkway strips, no fencing= estate effect high class, far away Pullman, IL, 1885- Industrial Suburbs Pullman Car Company- sleeping cars Berman- architect; Barrett- landscape architect Landscape: parkway strips, sidewalks, great housing Feudal system: if lost job--> lost home 1894- financial crisis- violent Pullman Strike -> Supreme Court disallowed connected comp and housing--> conclusion: cities not good for living, but good place for business City Beautiful Movement Baron George-Eugene Haussmann’s Plan for Paris, 1854-89 * massive restructuring of Paris: took down walls, ring road around city, roads, light system Plan of the Palace of Versailles, 1668 Ecole des Beaux Arts Paris Exhibition of 1889- Eiffel Tower- new: could see the comprehensive city view--> changed world! Americans were inspired, so--> Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893 (4 yrs later) Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 F.L.O., Daniel Brunham Jackson Park (South Park System) sig: changed ambition to build cities--> set off City Beautiful Movement (aka. Beaux-Arts Movement) City Beautiful Movement grand re-visioning; massive restructuring of cities improvement of infra, libraries, roads, sidewalks intended to reflect “clean” government”; “civic sense” emphasis: monumental buildings, parallel Elliot’s natural reservations key: axis! Washington D.C.= big success! Washington D.C. 1905- sig: National Identity, and CBM success L’Efant/Ellicot plan for Washington D.C. 1790’s- E redrew L’s plan Daniel Brunham, F.L.O. Jr, Charles McKim, August St. Gaudens visited Europe--> took out axis McMillan Plan, 1905 Senate Park Commission Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia , 1905 National Capital Park and Planning Commission sig: themes: ideals in physical form; orderliness; huge explosion of public venues San Francisco Plan- Daniel Brunham, 1905 * did not pull through * Museum, symphony hall, civic center Chicago Plan, Daniel Brunham, 1909 * did not pull through