Lecture _15_PDF.pdf

3/2/10 1 Objec&ves:? 1.? Understand?components?of?freshwater?ecosystems?? 2.? Use?and?altera&on?of?aqua&c?systems? 3.? 5?types?of?water?pollu&on? 4.? Water?supply:?problems,?solu&ons? 5.? Water?quality:?problems,?solu&ons? 6.? How?wastewater?is?treated??innova&ve?newer?methods? Rivers? Tributary:? Watershed:? Floodplain:? Riparian?Zone:? Lakes? Lakes:? Li9oral?zone:?? Benthic?zone:? Limne>c?zone:? Profundal?zone:? 3/2/10 2 Oligotrophic?lakes:?have?_______?and?____________condi&ons? Eutrophic?lakes:?have?________?and?__________?condi&ons? Marshes,?swamps,?and?bogs? ?? Wetlands:? ?? Freshwater?marshes:? ?? Swamps:? ?? Bogs:?? ?? They?slow?runo??,?reduce??ooding,?recharge?aquifers,??lter? pollutants? ?? People?have?drained?wetlands,?mostly?for?agriculture.? ??Southern?Canada?and?the?U.S.?have?lost?more?than?half?of? their?wetlands.? Ecosystem?Func&on?of?Wetlands? ?? They:? 1.???? 2.??? 3.??? 4.??? People?have?drained?wetlands,?mostly?for?__________.? ??U.S.?have?lost?more?than?______?of?their?wetlands.? What?is?the?largest?wetland?system?in?the?US?? Groundwater?plays?a?key?role? ?? Aquifers:? ?? Zone?of?aera>on:?pore?spaces? are?_________??lled?with?water? ?? Zone?of?satura>on:?spaces?are? ___________??lled?with?water? ?? Water?table:? Groundwater: any _______that does not___________, flow into waterways, or get taken up by organisms 3/2/10 3 The?Ogallala?Aquifer? ??World?s?_____?aquifer? ??The?Great?Plains? ??Best?_____?produc&on? in?world? Deple&ng?groundwater? ?? As?aquifers?become?depleted:? 1.? Water_________________? 2.? Salt?water?_________?in?coastal?areas? 3.? Some?ci&es?(Venice,?Mexico?City)?are____________? 4.? ____________?dry?up? Water?is?_________________?in?space?and?&me? Dams? Dam:?an?_______?in?a?river?or?stream?that?blocks?water??ow?so? that?water?can?be?stored?in?a?reservoir? Only?a?few?major?rivers?in?remote?regions?remain?undammed.? Dams?are?dismantled?when?their?costs?outweigh?their?bene?ts.? Rivers?with?dismantled?dams:? 1.? ?? 2.? ?? 3.? ?? 3/2/10 4 A?typical?dam? China?s?Three?Gorges?Dam? ?? Cost _____________ to build ?? ___________cities and the homes ?? Submerging _____________ sites ?? Drowning ____________________ habitat ?? Sediments Dikes?and?levees? ??Flooding?is:? ??Good?because:? ??Not?Good:? The?U.S.?Army?Corps?of?Engineers?has? constructed??__________________?of?levees.? ??Levees?can?make??oods?worse?by? _______________?to?stay?in?channels? and_______?.? River?Diversions? The once mighty Colorado River has been extensively diverted: video 3/2/10 5 The?Aral?Sea? ?? Once?the?fourth?largest?lake?on? Earth? ?? ____of?its?volume?in?just? __years.? ?? Diverted?to?irrigate__________.? ?? Dust?from?the?lake?bed?is?blown? into?the?air.?Has?_________?in?it!? 60,000 fishing jobs are gone. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=xSEXIxDVMBg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=EAUyddi_5j8&feature=fvsr Water?wars?? ??_____?major?rivers?cross?na&onal?borders.? ??disagreements?are?common.? ??_______?is?a?key?element?in?hos&li&es?among_____,? _______?and?neighboring?countries.? ??Many?na&ons?______?with?neighbors?to?resolve? disputes.? ??Trea&es?have?been?signed?by?na&ons?in_________? Solu&ons?to?deple&on? ?? We?can?either?_______?supply?or?______demand.? ?? Lowering?demand:?? 1.? Poli&cally?__________? 2.? Beber?__________? 3.? Cause?less?______________damage? ?? Increasing?freshwater?supply:? ??Water?can?be?_________:? ??It?can?be?taken??? ??Other?ideas?? 3/2/10 6 Desaliniza&on? ?? Desalina>on?(Desaliniza>on):? ?? Dis>lling:? ?? Reverse?osmosis:? ?? Nega&ve:? 1.? ?? 2.? ?? 3.? ?? Most?facili&es?operate?in?the?arid?Middle?East.? Agricultural?demand?for?water?is? highest? ??Decrease?agricultural?demand?by:? 1.? Lining?irriga&on?canals?and?increase?e?ciency? 2.? Low?pressure? 3.? Drip?irriga&on?systems? 4.? Match?crops? 5.? Selec&ve?breeding?and?gene&c?modi?ca&on?to:? 6.?Eat?less_____? Residen&al?and?industry?demand? ??In?households:? ??Install:?______?faucets?? ??Lawn?watering..? ??Xeriscaping:? ??In?industry:?shig?to?processes?that?use?less?water? 1.?Wastewater?____________? 2.?Patch____________? 3.?________?industries? 4.?Promote?_____________to?the?public? Economic?approaches?to?water? conserva&on? ?? No?government?________?of?_________prac&ces.? ?? Priva&za&on?of?water?supplies? 3/2/10 7 Point?and?non?point?source?water? pollu&on? ?? Point?source?water?pollu>on:? ??Examples:??Factory?or?______?pipes? ?? Non?point?source?water?pollu>on? ??Examples:? ?? The?U.S.?__?Act?addresses?point?source?pollu&on.? Toxic?chemicals? ?? From?natural?and?synthe&c?sources? ??Pes&cides,?petroleum?products,?synthe&c?chemicals? ??Arsenic,?lead,?mercury,?acid?rain,?acid?drainage?from?mines? ?? E?ects?include:?? 1.? ___________?animals?and?plants? 2.? ?altering?______ecosystems? 3.? ?____________??problems? Solu&ons:? 1.? ?? 2.? ?? Sediment?pollu&on? ??Sediment?can?impair?aqua&c?ecosystems.? ??Mining,?clear?cuhng,?housing?development,?poor? cul&va&on?prac&ces? E?ects:? ??Solu&ons:??? ??Beber?____________?of?farms?and?forests? ??Avoid?_______________________?of?vegeta&on? Thermal?pollu&on? ??Warmer?water?holds?less?oxygen.? ??Kills?__________?organisms?? ??_____________?cooling?heats?water.? ??Removing?____________?also?raises?temperature? ??Water?that?is?too?cold?causes?problems.? ??Water?at?the?__________________?is?colder.? ??Favor?________________?species.? 3/2/10 8 Groundwater?pollu&on? ?? Groundwater?pollu&on?is?hidden?from?view?(?out?of?sight,?out?of? mind?).? ??Di?cult?to__________? ??Retains?contaminants?for?____________________? ??Toxic?chemicals?occur?naturally:? ?? Pollu&on?from?human?ac&vity:? Examples:? Tes&ng?water?quality? 1.? ____________?indicators:?presence?of?fecal? coliform?bacteria,?algae,?and?aqua&c? invertebrates? 2.? __________?indicators:?nutrient?concentra&on,? pH,?taste,?odor,?hardness,?dissolved?oxygen? 3.? _____________?indicators:?temperature,?color,? turbidity?? Legisla&ve?e?orts?reduce?pollu&on? ??Clean?Water?Act?(1977)? ??Illegal?to?discharge?pollu&on?without?a?permit? ??Standards?for?industrial?wastewater? ??Funded?construc&on?of?sewage?treatment?plants? ??Legisla&on?has?improved?the?situa&on.? ??Condi&ons?improve?when?ci&zens?push?governments.? ??Other?na&ons?have?also?reduced?pollu&on.? Municipal?sewer?systems? ?? Primary?treatment:?the?physical?removal?of?__________?in? __________?tanks? ?? Secondary?treatment:?water?is?______?and?_________?so? ______________?degrade?organic?pollutants? 3/2/10 9 Mt.?Pleasant:?Waste?Water?Treatment? Ar&?cial?wetlands? ??Can?________??wastewater.? ??Ager?primary?treatment;?pumped?to?a?____________? ??________?decompose?the?remaining?pollutants.? ??Cleansed?water?is?released?into?waterways?or? percolated?underground.? ??Constructed?wetlands?important?for:? ??______________?and?_____________________? ??More?than?________?ar&?cially?constructed?or? restored?wetlands?exist?in?the?U.S.? Greenhouse?Wastewater?Treatment? Bear?River,?Nova?Sco&a? ?? Uses??SOLAR?AQUATICS?technology? ?? 12?solar?tanks?(1.5?metres?high?by?1.8?metres?diameter)?contain?mini?ecosystems? ?? specially?selected?algae,?zooplankton,?phytoplankton,?snails,??sh?and?plants?that?feed? on?the?organic?compounds?in?the?water? ?? Water?is?aerated?to?help?accelerate?the?consump&on?of?organic?material? ?? Finally,?the?e?uent?is?UV?disinfected?and?gravity?fed?into?the?Bear?River? ?? Meets?standards? David Zanatta Lecture #15_outline.ppt