Lecture Notes

Animal Sciences 1001 with Darree at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Mariah Harrington
Textbook:

Animal Science and Industry (7th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 45

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Classes of Milk

- Class I: Whole, skim, low-fat and flavored milk drinks

- Class II: Frozen deserts, cottage cheese and cream

- Class II: cheese

Milk Pricing

Determined by hundredweight (cwt) and % fat content

2 Factors in Selection of Breeding Stock

- Progeny testing

- Performance testing

6 Actions of Eating

- Prehension

- Mastication

- Deglutition

- Regurgitation

- Eructation

- Digestion

3 Ways to Eat

- Herbivore

- Omnivore

- Carnivore

3 Basice Digestive Systems

- Monogastric

- Ruminant (cranial fermentor)

- Hind Gut (cadual) Fermentor

Areas of Protein Digestion (Monogastric)

- Stomach (protein + protease = peptide)

- Small intestine (peptide + peptidase = amino acid)

Areas of Fat Digestion (Monogastric)

Small intestine (fat + bile salts and lipase = fatty acids)

Areas of Carbohydrate/Starch Digestion (Monogastric)

- Mouth (starch + amylase = maltose)

- Small Intestine ( maltose + amylase and maltase = glucose)

3 Special Traits of the Rumen Digestive System

- Esophageal Groove: bypasses the reticulo-rumen in young animals

- Rumination: 8 hours per day

- Eructation: gas formation and elimination, bloating and may need a de-foamer

Areas of Protein Digestion (Ruminants)

- Rumen/Reticulum

- Abomasum

- Small Intestine

Areas of Fat Digestion (Ruminants)

Small Intestine

Areas of Carbohydrate Digestion (Ruminants)

- Rumen/Reticulum

- Small Intestine

Areas of Protein Digestion (Hind Gut Fermentors)

- Stomach

- Small Intestine

Areas of Fat Digestion (Hind Gut Fermentors)

Small Intestine

Areas of Carbohydrate Digestion (Hind Gut Fermentors)

- Mouth

- Small Intestine

- Large Intestine

Areas of Cellulose Digestion (Hind Gut Fermentors)

Large Intestine

7 Factors of Digestability

- Nutrient Content

- Fiber Content

- Rate of Passage

- Roughage : Concentrate ratio

- Feed Intake/Volume

- Feed Processing

- Frequency of Ingestion

4 Factors that Influence Growth

- Genetics

- Environment

- Nutrition

- Hormones

4 Factors Influenced by Genetics

- Body Size

- Growth Rate/ADG

- Muscle Mass or Body Composition

- Feed Efficiency

4 Genetic Methods to Improve Growth

- Artificial Insemination

- Embryo Transfer

- Transgenics

- Genetic Selection

3 Enviromental Methods to Improve Growth

- Reduce Stress

- Improve Health

- Alter Photperiod

Effects of Growth Hormone

- More efficient growth

- Higher protein deposition

- Lower fat accretion

3 Growth Processes

- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number

- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size

- Differentiation: Change in cell function

6 Phases of Growth

I - Conception

II - Birth

III - Development

IV - Adolescence/Puberty

V - Maturity

VI - Old Age

Length of Estrous Cycles

- Cattle: 21 days

- Pigs: 21 days

- Mares: 21 days

- Ewes: 17 days

Pineal Gland

Records photoperiod and decides what the animal will do about it (i.e. long day breeders and short day breeders will be influenced to breed based on the photoperiod)

Mare Estrus

- 5-6 Days

- Ovulation: days 4-6

Donor Mare (ET)

- Breed to stallion

- Flush for embryo

- Genetic mother of foal

Recipient Mare (ET)

- Not bred to stallion

- Recieves embryo

- Not genetically related to foal

- Should be at the same stage or one day behind donor mare in cycle

4 Rules of Animal Restraint

- Is it safe for the handler?

- Is it safe for the animal?

- Is the procedure possible with the chose restraint method?

- Can the animal be monitored after and during recovery?

6 Factors to Consider Before Restraint

- Environment

- Behavior

- Hierarchy

- Health

- Territoriality

- Humane Considerations

4 Types of Restraint

- Psychological

- Physiological

- Physical

- Chemical

Analgesia

Absence of pain

Analgesic

Drug that abolishes pain

Anesthesia

Without sensation

Ataractic

Agent capable of producing ataraxia

Ataraxia

Impassiveness or calmness - without depression of mental facultiesor clouding of consciousness

Catalepsy

A condition characterized by waxy rigidity of muscles, extremeties tend to remain in any position which they are placed

Hypnosis

A condition resembling deep sleep resulting from moderated depression of the CNS

Narcosis

Usually means analgesia accompanied by deep sleep

Neuroleptic

A drug or agent that produces symptoms resembling those of disorders of the nervous system

Neuroleptoanalgesia

- A state produced by the combination of a neuroleptic and an analgesic

- A combination of a tranquilizer and a narcotic analgesic

Sedation

A mild degree of central nervous system depression in which an animal is awake butcalm, free of nervousness, and incapable of fully responding to external stimulation

4 Factors in Egg Grading

- Color

- Size

- Weight

- Quality

3 Poultry Grades

- AA

- A

- B

Pet Industry Figures

- 55 million dogs

- 66 million cats

- 46 million birds

- 250 million fish

- 125 million other pets

Dog Care Management

- Heat starts 7-8 months, every then 6 months

- Gestation: 63 days

- Birth Procedure: Membrane off face, iodine on navel, colostrum

- 3 Days: clip dew claws, dock tails

- 10 Days: eyes and ears open

- 14 Days: Feed selves

- 5-6 Weeks: Wean

- 6 Weeks: Check for parasites

- 6-8 Weeks: Crop ears if necessary use anesthesia

- 7-8 Weeks: Check for parasites, 1st vet check

-Vaccines: Distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, para-influenza, parvo, tracheobronchitis, corona, rabies, bordetella

4 Patterns of Animal Use

- Food

- Entertainment

- Companionship

- Non-Food Production

Advantages of Using Rodents

- High reproductive potential

- Sexual maturity

- Short gestation

- Large litter size

- Quick turnover of lifetime experiments

- Inexpensive

Efficacy

How effective is the drug?

Teratogenesis

Study of birth defects

Behavior

The movements and sounds animals make , including change from motion to non-motion in response to internal and external stimuli

Ethology

The sutudy of animal behavior

Ethogram

The catalogue of behavioral patterns of animals within their "natural" habitat and outside of it

Needs

Something that is neccessary for survival

Wants

Something that is not neccessary for survival but is still striven for

Prioritization

The more important things are taken care of first

The Four Concept Question of Animal Behavior

- What causes an animal to perform a certain behavior?

- How does the behavior change as an animal develops from conception through death, but especially during its early life?

- What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?

- How does the behavior help the animal to survive and reproduce successfully? (function)

4 Considerations in the Study of Animal Behavior

- Genotype

- Phenotype

- Environment

- Anatomy and Physiology

10 Systems of Animal Behavior

1. Ingestive

2. Eliminative

3. Sexual

4. Care-Giving (epimelitic)

5. Care-Soliciting (et-epimelitic)

6. Agonistic

7. Allelomimetic

8. Shelter-seeking

9. Investigative

10. Maladaptive

6 Animal Rights/Welfare Groups

- Animal Exploitation

- Animal Use

- Animal Control

- Animal Welfare

- Animal Rights

- Animal Liberation

3 Categories of Environment

- Physical

- Chemical

- Biological

Adaptation

Alteration in the structure or function of organisims which fits them to survive and multiply in a changed environment

Acclimation

An animal’s compensatory alterations due to a single stressor acting alone, usually in an experimental or artificial situation, over days or weeks

Acclimatization

Reactions over several days or weeks to environments where many environmental factors vary at the same time

Habituation

Sensations and effector responses associated with particular environmental stimuli tend to diminish when these stimuli occur repeatedly

Eustress

Positive stressor like gravity

Distress

Negative stress like hunger

10 Potential Stressors

- Temperature

- Humidity

- Air Speed

- Light

- Noise

- Air Quality

- Water Quality

- Food

- Social Surrounding

- Perception

10 Environmental Factors We Can Control

- Light

- Temperature

- Humidity

- Pressure

- Noise

- Air Quality

- Air Movement

- Physical Surrounding

- Social Surrounding

- Nutrition

About this deck

By: Mariah Harrington
Textbook:

Animal Science and Industry (7th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 71 flashcards
Views: 45

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj