Lecture Study Question Answers
Zoology 101 with Steudel/thoma at University of Wisconsin - Madison
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How do different types of tissue in an embryo develop from a zygote (fertilized egg)?
Through gastrulation 1) small indent appears on the side of the blastula called the dorsal lip, cells begin to push in; additional cells roll inward over lip (involution) into the cell to form the mesoderm and endoderm, ectoderm begins to cover the cell 2) the digestive tube begins to form, causing the cavity to shrink 3) endoderm with archeonteron linigh has replaced the (blastula) cavity
Why is cell death (apoptosis) important in development?
essential for normal development of the nervous system, normal operation of the immune system, and for normal morphogenesis of hand and feet. also kills off irreparable cells and cancerous.
What is the dorsal lip of the blastopore so important in embryo development?
future endoderm and mesoderm cells on the surface roll over the edge of the lip and into the embryo
What protein can affect multiple genes in muscle development?
MyoD
What process/phenomenon is crucial for normal limb development in birds?
Each component develops with precise location relative to three axes. Apical ectodermal ridge (AER), at tip of bud, cells produce several protein signals (Fibro blast growth factor (FGF)) that promote outgrowth (proximal-distal). Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), underneath bud produce proper pattern formation on anterior-posterior. Closest cells form the three digits, farther cells create farther digits. ZPA secrete protein growth factor Sonic Hedgehog.
What key enzyme in the body does atrazine affect and what natural molecules' concentration does it affect?
aromatase; testosterone to estrogen
Why might a chemical designed to affect insects also potentially impact mamal development processes?
chemicals bind to normal receptors
What organs can be affected during development by prenatal exposure to sex steroids or synthetic molecules that "look like" estrogens?
prostate and testes
What did Dr. Vincent Garry discover in Minnesota?
children of pesticide appliers had increased rise of birth defects
Where is the energy stored that a sperm uses to swim?
mitochondrion
Why is there a mitochondrion in a sperm?
to produce ATP for movement
What is the function of sertoli cells in the testis?
support other cells that produce sperm regulating sperm count (# sertoli cells = # of sperm)
What controls how many sertoli cells are in the testis? When is this "decision" made?
Amount of estrogen during fetal development
What is the function of GnRH?
GnRH regulates FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary
What environmental contaminant are now known to affect hypothalamic neurons producing GnRH?
PCBs and organochloride pesticides
How do fat solubility properties of natural and synthetic molecules affect hormone and gene expression in cells?
act as or attach to signal molecule
What effects can these contaminant have on cell functions of GnRH producing neurons?
gene expression, cell survival, neurite outgrowth
What is the difference between the process of sperm production and egg production in terms of number of starting cells and number of functional haploid cells?
sperm making is a continual process, 100 to 650 million per ejaculation; egg - one to two cell(s) per cycle, one uses what number born with
How are reproductive hormone concentration controlled in the human male? What are the hormones involved?
Hypothalamus releases GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH & FSH. FSH acts on sertoli cells promoting sperm production LH on leydig cells, which produces androgens (testosterone). Testosterone results in a negative feedback, which regulates LH, FSH, and GnRH.
How do different types of tissue in an embryo develop from a zygote (fertilized egg)?
Through gastrulation 1) small indent appears on the side of the blastula called the dorsal lip, cells begin to push in; additional cells roll inward over lip (involution) into the cell to form the mesoderm and endoderm, ectoderm begins to cover the cell 2) the digestive tube begins to form, causing the cavity to shrink 3) endoderm with archeonteron lining has replaced the (blastula) cavity
What is the sequence of events and location of events from the time of ovulation to implantation of a blastocyst?
Ovulation releases a secondary occyte from the ovary into the oviduct; fertilization occurs, a sperm enters the oocyte; and zygote is produced. cell division begins in the oviduct as embryo travels to uterus; when embryo reaches uterus, it is a ball of cells, it floats in the uterus for several days, nourished by endometrial secretions, then becomes a blastocyst; blastocyst implants in the endometrium about 7 days after conception
What is the anatomy and function of placental circulation?
maternal blood enters the pacenta in arteries, flows through blood pools in endometrium and leaves via veins. material are exchanged by diffusion, active transport, and selective transport between the fetal capillary bed and the maternal blood pools.
What are the hormones involved in the induction of labor? Where are they produced? How is their concentration controlled?
estrogen (ovaries), oxytocin (fetus and mom's posterior pituitary), and prostaglandins (placenta); positive feedback
What are the three stages of labor? What is often of concern during delivery of a human baby?
dilation of cervix, expulsion of infant, and delivery of placenta; umbilical chord aorund infant's neck
What are the advantages of developing ectoderm, then mesoderm, then endoderm?
ectoderm: controlled internal chemical environment; mesoderm: specialization -> more effective reproduction; endoderm: cells have pocket and digestion begins to be specialize -> more efficient
Why develop bilateral symmetry from radial symmetry?
bilateral allows to be more active and their central nervous system enables them to coordinate complex movements
Why develop a coelem (body cavity)?
Cushion suspended organs, skeleton in non-vertebrates so muscles can work; enables internal organs to form and move independently of outer body wall
What are 3 fundamental embryonic developmental differences between the protosome "invertebrate" and deuterostome "echinoderm-chordate" line of evolution?
P: sprial and determinate cleavage
D: radial and indeterminate
P: schizocoelous (Solid masses) of coelom
D: entercoelous: folds
P:mouth from blastopore
D: anus from blastopore (bottom)
D: radial and indeterminate
P: schizocoelous (Solid masses) of coelom
D: entercoelous: folds
P:mouth from blastopore
D: anus from blastopore (bottom)
What were 2 advantages of developing internal skeletal support rather than external skeletal support?
allows movement and gives shape
Why are Ca++ ions so important for a fertilized egg?
brings in water to exclude other sperm entrance
What advantages do frogs with larger yolks have over sea urchins?
longer development; larger, few young, less early mortality
What is a developmental pattern consequence of having a larger egg?
altered developmental pattern
What are two major differences in the morphology of development between echinoderms and amphibians?
organogenesis and mesoderm
What are two major differences in the morphology of development between amphibians and birds?
extra embryonic membranes and shell
What are two major differences in the morphology of development between birds and mammals?
development in uterus and umbilical and placenta formation
What are the five aspects of embryo development that the thyroid hormone controls?
1) Normal cytoskeletal assembly and stability 2) nerve cell proliferation, migration and differentiation 3) regulate development of nerves in cerebral cortex and hippocampus 4) regulate synapse formation and myelination 5) sexual maturation, auditory system, activity levels, speech, beon ossification, visuospatial, visuomotor skills
What structure in vertebrate embryos causes the initial formation of the neural tube?
dorsal lip
What controls subsequent development of the neural tube?
gastrulation which folds, splits, etc. cordates
Why is there a large empty space in the early human embryo?
former location of yolk
Where did the umbilical chord and placenta come from where there is no such structure in sea urchins, amphibians, or birds?
yolk sack and stem of allantois; combination of allantois and chorion; if do not host embryo inside body, need yolk
What are the 4 extra embryonic membranes in birds and mammals and what are their functions?
allantois (removal of wastes and gas exchange), amnion (protects, absorbs shock), chorion (gas exchange), and yolk sack (nutrients)
How does the inflammatory response work?
puncture, macrophages activated and mast cells cause capillaries widen, fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements more form the blood to the site. chemokines released, attract phagocytes from blood, eat pathogens and tissue heals
What is the difference between a humoral and a cell mediated response?
cell-mediate immune response activities cytotoxic t cells, which defend against infected, cancerous, and transplanted cells, humoral immune activates B cells that produce antibodies
Why is the thymus important to the immune system?
sets up two basic types of white blood cells
What is the difference between an antibody and an antigen?
antibody: protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination (Y); antigen: a macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes
How does the body "remember" prior infections?
after it has destroyed bacterium, it proliferates (rapidly reproduces), then divides into memory B cells as well as antibody-secreting plasma cells
Why is bone marrow important to immune fucntion?
holds and creates white blood cells
How does a killer cytotoxic T cell know where and when to attack?
if cell have fragments of non self proteins associated with class I MHC molecules
How does a helper T cell know where to attach?
CD8 present binds to the side of a class I MHC molecule
How does a cytotoxic T cell kill a cell?
cytokines secreted from nearby helper T-cells promote killer t-cell activation, the activated cell then secretes proteins which act on cell
What do helper T cells do?
activate cytotoxic t-cell to create active and meory cytotoxic t-cells, activate self to create active and memory helper t-cells, as well as for B-cells to create plasma or memory B-cells
How do antibodies and cytotoxic t-cells work together?
after cytotoxic t-cells secrete protein onto infected cell, exposes it to antibodies which mark it for disposal
What do interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 do?
1) can induce fever, control lymphocytes, and increase bone marrow cells 2) helps discriminate between foreign and self
Why is the protein CD4 important?
enhances interaction between t-cell and antigen-presenting cell
What is the difference and what is the function of MHC I vs MHC II moelcules?
I: display fragments of antigens to cytotoxic T-cells, will bind to CD8, help hold to destroy cell; II: display fragments of antigens to helper t-cells, will beind to CD4 (create cytokines to activate cytotoxic t-cells)
What are four functions of different types of antibodies?
1) viral neutralization (blocks binding host) and opsonization (increases phagocytosis) 2) aggulation (clumping) of antigen-bearing particles, such as microbes 3) precipitation of soluble antigens) => enhances phagocytosis 4) activation of complement system and pore formation -> cell lysis
What is the function of complement proteins?
to cause cell lysis (kill it by breaking membrane)
What good is a mast cell?
produce histamines and other molecules that trigger inflammatory response
What were the advertised health implications of using DDT in 1945?
powerful insecticides, harmless to humans
How does the inflammatory response work?
puncture occurs, macrophages activated and mast cells cause capillaries widen, fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements more form the blood to the site. chemokines released, attract phagocytes from blood, eat pathogens and tissue heals
What has been the approximate rate of children with learning disabilities in the Madison school district between 1990-1995 according to the U.S. Dept. of Education Federal Child count data?
70.3%
What two herbicides can alter aromatase concentrations? What do each of them do? Consequences to relative concentrations of the hormones they affect?
Roundup: estrogen to testosterone (females with male characteristics)
Atrazine: testosterone to estrogen (males with female characteristics
Atrazine: testosterone to estrogen (males with female characteristics
Name one neurological disease associated in the scientific literature with herbicide use.
neurochemical inverse
Identify one enzyme or enzyme system that has been shown in the literature ot be altered by the herbicide Roundup either in its native mixture or by main ingredient, glyphosate.
Aromatase
On the Materials Safety Data Sheet for a common lawn herbicide mxiture, what are the U.S. EPA ratings under SARA Title III Sections 311/312?
immediate health hazard; delayed-health hazard
What are the two solubility properties of pesticide molecules and the "inactive" ingredients in the mixtures that facilitate entry into a living organism and its cells and promote subsequent biological activity?
lipid soluble and water soluble; cell membrane: phosphoLIPIDS; pesticides + organic soaps and pesticides + surfactants
What is a possible mechanism for the inverse dose response now documented for neurological endocrine, and immune functions?
large effects from small exposures
What is the opportunity for (contaminants) solution?
change in market share
How much is the current EPA biological effects model underestimating biological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals at very long concentrations?
10,000
For the lawn chemical mix in the Cavieres et al paper, what dose caused the greatest effect (smallest litters, greatest abortions or resorption of fetuses)?
very low
What are some safe pest control measures?
household cleaner - kill ANY bug or weed; bed bugs - baby powder
What are the take home messages from this lecture?
toxic registrations are based on a MODEL wehre the quesiton is "Do the benefits outweigh the risk?" not "is it safe?"
How do the first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to biology?
1st: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed: ex= cheetah converts chemical energy from food to kinetic and others; 2nd: during every energy transformation, some energy becomes unusable, unable to work; heat is lost: can put heat to work if temp difference results in heat from warmer to cooler, if uniform, heat used only to warm the body
Why is the dorsal lip of the blastopore so important in embryo development?
future endoderm and mesoderm cells on the surface roll over the edge of the lip and into the embryo
Why is ATP important?
aids transport, mechanical, and chemical work
Why do fat soluble pesticides and environmental contaminants accumulate up the food chain?
because they are stored and never released
What would be our approximate latitude to have our current climate if we were living 251 million years ago?
66
What are four differences in soil properties between conventional agriculture and organic agriculture?
higher water infiltration, higher water holding cap, higher microbial activity, and higher CO2 fixation
What are the approximate differences in total energy requirements to grow crops using conventional methods versus organic methods?
maure 63.7, legume 63.3, and convention 100%
What is needed to do no till organic agriculture?
long grasses
What were six changes that occurred in the Yellowstone ecosystem due to the reintroduction of wolves?
1) elk forced to higher elevations 2) willows and alders retunr (Beaver food, dam material) 2) beavers dam streams, amphibians have places to reproduce 3) wolves kill coyotes, elk and leave partiall eaten elk carcasses 4) elk carcasses are food for eagles, vultures 5) small mammals reutrn and become food for owls and other predatory birds; also turn over soil
About this deck
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“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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