Lectures 22-23: Evolution of Plants
Botany 130 with Cameron, Christopherson at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Whitney Beilke
Textbook:
Biology of Plants, 7e (Ise)
Created: 2009-11-09
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 90
Textbook:
Biology of Plants, 7e (Ise)Created: 2009-11-09
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 90
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What were the first plants on earth?
green algae
evolution
change through time; descent with modification
What was Darwin's theory for evolution?
natural selection -- Origin of Species
How did Darwin illustrate the concept of natural selection in the origin of species?
one diagram that showed a common ancestor for all organisms
natural selection
traits occurring that are well adapted to the environment will be passed on to offspring (vise versa)
artificial selection
change induced by humans; selective breeding
example of artificially selected plants?
kale, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, cabbage, etc. (they all came from the same wild plants)
survival of the fittest refers to what ability?
ability to reproduce
What are the five principles of Natural Selection?
1) populations have the potential to increase at geometric rates
2)only a fraction of offspring survive to reproduce
3)individuals offspring are different (phenotype)
4)differences are genetically controlled and heritable
5)individuals with increased favorable traits in a given environment will be more fit
2)only a fraction of offspring survive to reproduce
3)individuals offspring are different (phenotype)
4)differences are genetically controlled and heritable
5)individuals with increased favorable traits in a given environment will be more fit
How is natural selection tested?
modern synthesis(1930-50)
what is modern synthesis?
mendelian Genetics + theory of evolution by natural selection
Population genetics was born out of what movment?
modern synthesis
what three principles does POPULATION GENETICS entail?
1. species are composed of populations
2. populations share a common gene pool
3. changes in gene allele frequencies within this pool explain differences in organisms genotype/phenotype
2. populations share a common gene pool
3. changes in gene allele frequencies within this pool explain differences in organisms genotype/phenotype
how is population genetics tested?
the Hardy-Weinberg Law
what is the Hardy-Weingberg Law?
p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1
What would happen as a result of a population in hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
there would be no changes in the population
what are the 5 requirements of the hardy-weinberg equilibrium population?
1. no mutations
2.isolation from other populations
3.large population size
4. random mating
5. no natural selection
2.isolation from other populations
3.large population size
4. random mating
5. no natural selection
are the requirement of Hardy-Weinberg ever made?
NO
gene flow
genes move from one population into another
two methods of non-random mating
self pollination and mate selection
genetic drift
accidental or decreased movement of genes
founder effect
genetic drift where genes are moved and now these random genes have to found the rest of the population in that region
bottleneck effect
some event causes a large population to be significantly reduced and those that survive must pass on their smaller gene pool
two types of genetic drift?
founder effect and bottleneck effect
stabilizing selection
there is a range in all sizes and both extremes of the gene are worse for survival, the middle trait thrives
distributive selection
both extremes of the gene end up surviving better over the average
directional selection
one extreme trait survives over the other traits
ecotypes
same species but have different characteristics because of adaptations to different ecosystems
cline
gradual change in characteristics exhibited by members of a series of adjecent populations
phenotypic plasticity
when plants adapt to the environment and there is no genetic change
example of phenotypic plasticity
jeffrey pine - because of high elevations it grows horizontally
why doesn't phenotypic plasticity occur much in animals?
because animals can move away from harsh conditions
two types of microevolution
allopatric and sympatric
allopatric speciation
evolution of species in geographic isolations
two examples of allopatric speciation given in class?
1. tulip tree in North America and China had a common ancestor but moving ice sheet pushed them to different sides of the world
2. silverswords in Hawaii orgininate from a plant in california (adaptive radiation)
2. silverswords in Hawaii orgininate from a plant in california (adaptive radiation)
adaptive radiation
one founder radiates genes across the entire region
sympatric speciation
populations with overlapping distributions
polyploidy
plants are able to double or increase the number of chromosomes in a cell
autopolyploidy
increase the number of chromosomes on their own
allopolyploidy
increase the number of chromosomes by a result of a cross
why are the cells larger in polyploids?
they need more room for DNA
what type of fruits are usually triploid?
seedless fruits
two example of polyploids given in class?
dandelions and day lily tetraploids
what percentage of orchids are epiphytes?
92%
Ken's hypothesis?
epiphytic growth was a driving force in the speciation of orchids
what did Ken Cameron find in his research?
that all terrestrial orchids have a common ancestor and all epitphytic orchids have a common ancestor...EPIPHYTISM IS NOT RANDOM
systematics
sicience of biological diversity; unifying integrative field of biology
what does plant systematics involve? (5)
characteristics, distribution, evolutionary mechanisms, phylogenic trends, idintify, name and describe
taxonomy
science of nomenclature and calssification
nomenclature
system of naming organisms
classification
assignment of plants to groups within a system of hierarceal ranks or categories
taxa/taxon
any taxonomic group and its members
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group of related organisms
monograph
a comprehensive systematic study of a single taxon
flora
all the plants found in an area
what was the system of nomenclature prior to the binomial system?
polynomials
who introduced binomial nomenclature system? when?
Carolus Linneus - 1753
what is the binomial nomenclature system governed by?
the ICBN
what three parts does the binomial system include for plants?
genus name, species name, and author
phylum has what suffix
ophyta
family has what suffix?
aceae
preamble of botanical nomenclature states what?
that the system of nomenclature must be universal between countries and not confuse other botanists
1st principle of botanical nomenclature?
independent of zoological nomenclature (animals have have same genus and species name, plants can't)
#2 principle of botanical nomenclature?
presssed specimen of author represents species for all time
holotype
single original pressed species
isotypes
duplicates collected same daý/time by same author as original (usually destroyed)
neotype
specimen chosen to replace the isotype if it is destroyed
Principle #3 of botanical nomenclature
based on primary publication (first author to find the plant)
Principle #4 of botanical nomenclature?
each plant can only have one correct name (alternate names are called synonyms
principle #5 of botanical nomenclature?
must be in latin and coordinate with gender
About this deck
By: Whitney Beilke
Textbook: Biology of Plants, 7e (Ise)
Created: 2009-11-09
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 90
Textbook:
Biology of Plants, 7e (Ise)Created: 2009-11-09
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 90
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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