Mastering Biology Final Flashcards
Biology 1030 with Bowling at Auburn University
About this deck
By: Rory Dane
Created: 2012-05-01
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 507
Created: 2012-05-01
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 507
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What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers; this thickness provides a protective barrier.
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
Simple columnar epithelium, such as that found lining the intestines, is specialized for absorption and secretion.
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
Simple squamous epithelium is a thin single layer of cells that allows for diffusion.
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
The simple cuboidal cells of kidney tubules allow for both secretion and absorption.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
Cartilage is found _____.
at the ends of bones such as the femur
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
blood
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
_____ muscle is attached to bones.
Skeletal
A neuron consists of _____
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
The thick filaments of sarcomeres are composed of _____.
myosin
The thin filaments of sarcomeres are composed of _____.
actin
A single muscle cell is referred to as a _____.
muscle fiber
When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.
amino acids
When digested, fats are broken down into _____.
both glycerol and fatty acids
Starch is a type of _____.
polysaccharide
Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.
Fructoses; fructose is a monosaccharide, and monosaccharides can be absorbed without having to be broken down into smaller units.
Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?
amylase
Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.
maltose
Protein digestion begins in the _____.
stomach
Starch digestion begins in the _______.
mouth
What is the main component of gastric juice?
water
_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____
Bile... liver... fats... small intestine
What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?
hydrochloric scid (HCl)
The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.
filtration
The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as _____.
secretion
Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?
sodium chloride, glucose, water, and amino acids
As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.
more... water
The most abundant solute in urine is _____.
urea, and other nitrogenous wastes
A. The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases along a gradient running from the exterior of the kidney to the center of the kidney.
Glucose is removed from filtrate by _____.
active transport
Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.
more concentrated urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.
collecting duct
Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.
association with a cell's plasma membrane
Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone? : estrogen, testosterone, oxytocin, epinephrine
oxytocin and epinephrine
How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?
nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
estrogen
The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.
they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted
Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.
the nucleus
This heating system maintains room temperature at or near a particular value, known as the ________________.
set point
You open the window and a blast of icy air enters the room. The temp drops 17 degrees, which acts as a _____ to the heating system.
stimulus
The thermostat is a ______ that detects a stimulus and triggers a response.
sensor
The heater turns on, and the temperature in the room _________ until it returns to the original setting.
increases
The response of the heating system reduces the stimulus. This is an example of ___________ feedback.
negative
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is known as ___________.
homeostasis
When blood glucose levels rise, what happens?
Beta cells in pancreas release insulin, liver takes up glucose and builds glycogen, body cells take up more glucose, glucose levels fall.
When blood glucose levels drop, what happens?
Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon, liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose, blood glucose levels drop.
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys many of the ____ cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to make enough ________.
beta..... insulin
In ___________________, the pancreas makes and releases sufficient insulin. However, body cells are less responsive to insulin than the cells of a healthy individual.
type 2 diabetes
Pineal gland produces:
melatonin
Posterior pituitary produces:
Antidieuretic hormone, oxytocin
Parathyroid produces:
parathyroid hormone
Thyroid gland produces:
Throxine (T4), Calcitonin
Thymus produces:
Thymosin
Ovaries produce:
estrogen, progesterone
Testis produce: (hormone)
androgens
Hypothalamus produces:
releasing and inhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary gland produces:
growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal medulla produces:
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Pancreas produces: (hormone)
insulin, glucagon
A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____.
uterus
A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion.
estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH
Developing ovarian follicles primarily secrete _____.
estrogens
If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum.
human chorionic gonadotropin
If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium.
estrogen and progesterone
Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle.
14
What is the usual site of the fertilization of an egg cell?
oviduct
Sperm become capable of movement while in the _____.
epididymis
Sperm exit a male's body via the _____.
urethra
The secretion of androgens is regulated by a _____ feedback mechanism involving the _____ and _____.
negative ... hypothalamus ... pituitary gland
Which hormone(s) is(are) directly responsible for triggering the development of the secondary sex characteristics of males, such as beard growth?
androgens
Which pituitary secretion stimulates sperm production?
FSH
Which pituitary secretion stimulates the testes to secrete androgens?
LH
Sperm develop in the _____.
seminiferous tubules
1) axon hillcock
2) myelin sheath
3) synaptic terminal
4) location of voltage-gated channels
5) location of ligand-gated channels
6) dendrite
2) myelin sheath
3) synaptic terminal
4) location of voltage-gated channels
5) location of ligand-gated channels
6) dendrite
1) cell body
2) nucleus
3) axon
2) nucleus
3) axon
An artificial K+ channel is inserted into an axon membrane at resting potential. In what direction will the K+ ions move through the artificial channel?
out of the cell
What happens when a membrane potential reaches threshold?
Many voltage gated Na+ channels open, Na+ ions rush into the cell, membrane potential rises (depolarizes) rapidly
Which of the following characteristics determines when the refractory period ends?
how long it takes for the voltage-gated Na+ channels to reactivate at the end of an action potential
Which statement correctly describes what causes the second voltage-gated Na+ channel to open?
After the first channel opens, the movement of many types of ions (both inside and outside the cell) alters the distribution of charges near the second channel, causing it to open.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) _____ the postsynaptic membrane, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) _____ the postsynaptic membrane
depolarize.... hyperpolarize
1) motor neuron axon
2) t-tubule
3) sarcomere
4) synaptic terminal
5) sarcoplamic reticulum
6) myofibril
7) plasma membrane
2) t-tubule
3) sarcomere
4) synaptic terminal
5) sarcoplamic reticulum
6) myofibril
7) plasma membrane
Which of the following statements correctly describes why a series of closely spaced action potentials causes a sustained contraction rather than a series of closely spaced twitches?
When a series of action potentials is closely spaced, there is not sufficient time for Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum between action potentials, and Ca2+ remains bound to troponin throughout the series.
During inhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles ________, causing the volume of the lungs to __________.
contract.... increase
Oxygen diffuses from the _______ to ___________ in the lungs.
alveoli... capillaries
Carbon dioxide diffuses from _______ to ______, while oxygen diffuses from _____ to _______.
body tissues to blood.... blood to body tissues.
About this deck
By: Rory Dane
Created: 2012-05-01
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 507
Created: 2012-05-01
Size: 91 flashcards
Views: 507
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj