Memory - Exam 3.docx

Memory ? Exam 3 Study Questions To measure recognition Either hits or misses and either correct rejections or false alarms must be counted To measure recognition Both hits and false alarms must be counted An accurate perceiver of a stimulus will be a person who has A high number of hits and a low number of false alarms A decrease in sensitivity is A decrease in hits and a decrease in correct rejections; OR a decrease in hits and no change in false alarms Who can discriminate? Alan, hits=60%, false alarms=35% Five students sorted pictures into friends and strangers. Who had the best recognition? Dee, with 70% hits and 20% false alarms Five college students each sorted 100 pictures into those they recognized from grade school and those they did not. Who had the best recognition of former grade school classmates? Ann, with 70% hits and 30% false alarms Five students were asked to find their 20 classmates in a stack of 40 pictures. Below are the numbers of each kind of picture selected. Who had the best recognition? 13 classmates and 7 strangers Students were given 20 photos consisting of 10 classmates and 10 strangers. They were asked to select the classmates. Who best discriminated from strangers? Donna, 10 classmates and 0 strangers When test time is reduced, what happens to the hit rates for low versus high frequency words in a recognition test? Hit rate decreases more for low frequency words What is true about the recognition of high frequency (ex. Girl) versus low frequency (ex, lass) words? When test time is less than a second then the difference in hit rate between high frequency and low frequency targets is reduced The amnesia producing drug Midazolam was given to participants learning a list of high frequency words. Compared to normal performance, later, the results of a recognition test were: The higher hit rate for low versus high frequency words was eliminated but the lower false alarm rate for low frequency words remained the same High school students and college students were shown, one at a time, 100 pictures of indoor scenes and 100 pictures of outdoor scenes cut from magazines at the rate of one picture every 5 seconds. An hour later, each student was shown a sequence of 100 pairs of pics, including one study item and one distracter, and asked to select the study item Recognition performance was perfect of almost perfect in all conditions Students are shown a set of famous faces of the 21st century and famous faces of the first decade of the 20th century. The test consists of either the same or a different picture if the same face as a target. The students were poorest at recognizing New pictures of 20th century famous faces Security guards studied employee ID pictures and were tested on both the ID picture and the drivers? license pictures of the employees. Half of the pics were of familiar employees and half of the pics were of unfamiliar employees at another plant. Which test condition produced the poorest recognition? Driver?s license pictures of unfamiliar employees Eyewitness identification can be improved by None of the Above The way that photos including a suspect are presented to an eyewitness influences the response Sequential presentation decreases false alarms Dark glasses and a false mustache would be an effective disguise on An unfamiliar face A photo of an unfamiliar face A photo of an unfamiliar face You are a waiter without a pad and pencil. You must remember each table?s order until you get into the kitchen to tell the cook. As the evening goes on the number of errors you make Increases In a distracter task, the word trigrams on trials 1-4 have been beetle-chicken-beaver, wolf-ostrich-ant, penguin-spider-bear, wasp-robin-bat. What recall cue will increase recall of the fourth trigram? Flying Suppose that you are asked to report the names of all the different girls? names you can think of in ten minutes. You will report the most names in The first minute Suppose a person was asked to generate names of professional football teans. An effective cue would be: Thinking of secondary cues like the names of fierce animals that might be used as names In trying to recall a list of related items, ex. States of the US, what is the effect of presenting some of the targets as cues? Recall of the remaining targets decreases After seeing 50 pictures of familiar objects an observer is asked to recall the list once a day for a week Recall highest on day 7 When drivers studied a list of words on dry land They recalled more words on dry land than under water Performance on which of these tests will show the greatest decline 10 years from now? Recall of classmates names Material from which courses are you most likely to remember 10 years from now? Major Based on the findings of studies Even 50 years from after graduation, you?ll remember a significant amount The ?reminiscence bump? refers to the finding that Events occurring between the ages of 15 and 30 are remembered more frequently than events from earlier of later periods (except for the most recent period of time) Evidence from flashbulb memories suggests that the details of traumatic events Are no more likely to become distorted over time than the details of neutral events Evidence from studies of flashbulb memories suggests that a unique event Is usually remembered accurately for about a year but may come distorted after two and a half years Memories of events early in life cannot be recalled alter because Language is insufficient for autobiographical memory One way of decreasing the possibility of a false memory None of the above The difference between a real memory and a false memory is that the real memory has more None of the Above During interrogation, the creation of false memories is influenced by Approval from the interrogator Memories that people believe include memories of Aliens Past lives The devil One difference between a fugue state and organic retrograde amnesia (RA) is that A person may confabulate his identity only in a fugue state Which is an effective treatment for retrograde amnesia that results from a blow to the head None of the Above A person with long-term retrograde amnesia has the poorest memory for The day before the accident A woman said that an intruder broke into her house and knocked her unconscious for an hour. When she awoke, her baby was gone. What is wrong with this story? If she had been knocked unconscious for an hour, she would not remember how it happened When there is frontal in addition to temporal damage, in addition to forgetting, an individual also suffers from Confabulation When an infant is reminded by being shown the target of an action The retention interval for the reminder is as long as for the original training When a 3-month-old infant is trained to kick to a test mobile and is briefly shown that test mobile 13 days later as a reminder The infant kicks in response to the training mobile when it is shown 72 hours after the reminder When immediate recognition of from one to six digits is tested the reaction time (RT) is a linear function of a set size for responses to Both targets and distracters When an observer is asked to respond whether a probe was a member of a just presented set of items, if she makes her response based on the perceived recency of the probe then The time for the response is not a linear function of the size of the study set A decrease in sensitivity is A decrease in hits and an increase in false alarms To measure recognition Both hits and false alarms must be counted What is true about the recognition of high frequency (ex. Girl) versus low frequency (ex. Lass) words? When test time is reduced then the difference in hit rate between high frequency and low frequency targets is reduced The amnesia producing drug Midazolam was given to participants learning a list of high and low frequency words. Compared with a normal performance, later, the results of a recognition test were The difference in hits for low versus high frequency words was eliminated but the difference in hits remained the same High school students and college students were shown, one at a time, 100, or 200 pictures cut from magazines at the rate of one picture every 5 seconds. An hour later, each student was shown a sequence of 100 pairs of pictures, each including one study item and one distracter, and asked to select the study item Recognition performance was perfect or almost perfect in all conditions Students studied student ID pictures and were tested on both the same pictures and drivers? license pictures of the same students. Half of the pictures were of classmates and half were of strangers. Which test condition or conditions produced the poorest recognition? Driver?s licenses pictures of unfamiliar students When an eyewitness views a line-up The probability of a false alarm is increased regardless of whether the perpetrator is in the lineup when the eyewitness is assured that the perpetrator is in the lineup How photos are presented to an eyewitness influences the response Presenting the photos one at a time decreases the probability of a false alarm A target used as a reminder may take 72 hours to completely retrieve the action to it for an infant at the age of Three months When an infant is shown a reminder of an action The retention interval for the reminder is as long as for the original training When immediate recognition of from one to six letters is repeatedly tested the reaction time (RT) is a linear function of set size for response to Both targets and distracters after extensive practice When an observer is asked to respond whether a probe was a member of a just presented set of items, if she makes her response based on the perceived recency of the probe then The time for the response is not a linear function of the size of the study set for targets or distracters In a distracter task in which word trigrams must be recalled, performance will be best on trial five if The words are from a different category than on trials on thru four I randomly divide the 50 states into two lists of 25 each. Let us call these List A and List B. One group of students is asked to recall all 50 states. The other group is shown the states on List A and asked to recall the remaining states The students asked to recall all 50 states would recall more states on list B In a distracter task, the word trigrams on trials 1-4 have been rat-squirrel-raccoon, wolf-bear-skunk, lion-tiger-zebra, cow-sheep-horse. What recall cue will increase recall of the fourth trigram? Farm Suppose a person was asked to generate instances of cities. An effective cue would be Thinking of secondary cues like the names of sports franchises Suppose that you are asked to report the names of all the different countries you can think of in one minute. You will report the most names during The first 20 seconds Suppose that you were with a large group of people last Thursday night and once a day for the next five days you try to recall everyone you met that night The level of recall will increase To measure recognition Both the number of targets reported as old and the number of distracters reported as old must be counted Evidence for an increase in sensitivity An increase in hits and/or a decrease in false alarms What is true about the recognition of high frequency (ex. Tiger) versus low frequency (ex. Puma) words when test time is unlimited versus when test time is less than a second? When test time is more than a second the hit rate for low frequency targets is greater than the hit rate for high frequency targets The amnesia producing drug Midazolam was given to participants learning a list of words. Compare with normal performance, later, the results of a recognition test were The difference in hits for low versus high frequency words were eliminated Spiro found that one way that post-event information affects memory is Contradictory post-event information may cause confabulation Spiro (1982) found that autobiographical memory May be updated on the basis of new information presented immediately after an event The memory of an event recalled under hypnosis may contain details that occurred Before the event After the event Not at all When asked the days of the week, responses were longest on Wednesday Students studied student ID pictures and were tested on both the same pictures and drivers license pictures of the same student. Half of the pictures were of classmates and half of the pictures were of strangers. Which test condition or conditions produced the poorest recognition? Driver?s license pictures of unfamiliar students Four different groups of students were shown, one at a time, 200, or 400 pictures cut from magazines that were either indoor or outdoor scenes at the rate of one picture every 5 seconds. An hour later, each student was shown a sequence of 100 pairs of pictures, each including one study item and one distracter, and asked to select the study item Recognition performance was perfect or almost perfect in all conditions When an eyewitness views a lineup containing the perpetrator The probability of a false alarm is decreased if the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup How photos are presented to an eyewitness influences the responses Presenting the photos sequentially decreases the probability of a false alarm compared with simultaneous presentation Assuming that you remain healthy, but never study it or anything related to it again, when will you forget all the content of your major? Never The effect of distributed study on training implies that you will remember what from your studies many years from now? Material presented in several courses Who will have a poor recall of the first three years of life? A normal individual A Korsakoff patient An Alzheimer?s patient A person who has suffered abuse during the first 3 years of life The long term auto-biographical memory function includes Zero recall for at least the first three years of life A reminiscence bump of better recall between 15 and 25 that when younger or slightly older Best recall of most recent events A traumatic event Is encoded as accurately as a mundane event but retained longer Evidence from studies of flashbulb memories suggests that a unique event is remembered accurately for One year In a distracter task, the word trigrams on trials 1-4 have been James-Smith-White, Black-Duke, Rice, James-Bryant-Tyler, Kirk-McCoy-Spock. What cue will increase recall of the fourth trigram? Star Trek Suppose that in order to help someone remember animal names you first told him a large number of animal names. When compared with recall when no animal names were given Recall of the remaining animal names would decrease On successful trials of a distracter task, it becomes more difficult to recall the most recent target because The number of targets associated with a generic retrieval cue increases. Hence, the probability of generating the most recent target decreases A person is trying to generate instances of the category animal. After 30 seconds of effort, you provide him with a cue. Performance would most likely improve over the no cue condition if you suggest Locales where the animals might exist When someone free recalls instances of a large category Clusters that usually contain 1-4 instances are generated Clusters that contain related instances are generated Clusters that do not contain instances from earlier clusters are generated Clusters of instances are generated with decreasing frequency the longer that recall is attempted After a trip to the natural history museum on Sunday, Tony tried to remember all of the more than 50 dinosaurs he saw there for the next five days. On which day did he remember the most dinosaurs? Friday During interrogation, including therapeutic interrogation, the creation of false memories is influenced by The beliefs of the interrogator Approval from the interrogator The repetition of questions The willingness of the individual to participate in hypnosis Memories that people believe include memories of Being in the womb Being born The first 6 months of life The difference between a real and a false memory is that None of the Above The creation of a false memory is a symptom of Normal memory On Wednesday, it takes longer to recall the day because it is not easily differentiated from Tuesday or Thursday One way that post-event information can affects memory is Contradictory post-event information may cause false memories of real-life events Post-event information can affect your memory of an event Regardless of the importance of the event In the terminology of signal detections theory, one effect of hypnosis is to Increase false alarms Memories of events early in life cannot be recalled later because Language in insufficient for autobiographical memory Retrograde amnesia may result from A blow to ahead A person with long-term retrograde amnesia has the poorest memory for The week before the accident A person who wakes up from having forgotten the last week of his life but who otherwise retains his identity and long-term memory Is suffering from organic retrograde amnesia Confabulation in conjunction with amnesia is a consequence of damage to Both the temporal and frontal lobes What will you remember most accurately of your college life 25 years from now? Academic facts from your major Because children below the age of four cannot construct and tell stories Afterwards when they grow up they lack autobiographical memory for that period of their lives What will you remember 10 years from now? Recognition of classmates? faces and names will be greater than recall of classmates? names What is true about the autobiographical retention function? The greatest number of memories are recent memories The memories of traumatic events Are difficult to forget Evidence from flashbulb memories suggests that a unique event may no longer be remembered accurately after Three years