Metabolism: Lecture 13
Microbiology 221 with Walter at Purdue University
About this deck
By: Cori Novelli
Created: 2012-03-18
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 9
Created: 2012-03-18
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 9
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Classify by Metabolism: Anaerobes
–Chemolithotrophs,(Hs but not CHs)
–Chemoorganotrophswith respiratory chain
–Chemoorganotrophswith fermentation
–Phototrophicanaerobes (anoxygenic photosynthesis)
Classify by Metabolism: Aerobes
–Chemolithotrophs
–Chemoorganotrophs– obligate aerobes
–Chemoorganotrophs– facultative anaerobes
–Photosyntheticaerobes (oxygenic photosynthesis)
Methanogens
Chemolithotrophic Anaerobe
–electron donor H2(sometimes methanol, acetate, formate)
•oftenco-cultured with H2-- producingbacteria
–acceptor CO2,methanol
–produce methane
-- produce "nothing" so interesting for fuel
Sulfate reducers
Chemoorganotrophic Anaerobe: Respiratory chain
• electrondonor often organic (sometimes H2, though)
• acceptorSO4-2, S
• produceH2S
(swamp odor, black goo when Fe+2 present)
• use organic carbon sources
Clostridium
Chemoorganotrophic Anaerobe:
fermenter: organic e- acceptor
• industrial importance
• produces ATP during fermentation!
• ABEfermentation: Acetone (ATP produced), Butenol (ATP produced), Ethanol
- some branches used to generate ATP
Lactic acid bacteria
Chemoorganotrophic Anaerobe:
fermenter: organic e- acceptor
• cheese, yogurt, buttermilk (used in many food products)
• Pyruvate e- acceptor withlactic acid fermentation to produce reducing power:
lactic acid product
Propioni-bacterium
Chemoorganotrophic Anaerobe:
fermenter: organic e- acceptor
• Swiss cheese, acne
•Lipids normally hydrolyze to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in TCA cycle by beta oxidation)
BUT this bacteria ferments lipids anaerobically to produce CO2 and propioni acid
Purple Nonsulfur
Phototrophic Anaerobes
–(usually)organic electron donor (malic acid; apples)
–anaerobicphototrophs, aerobic chemotrophs
- DUAL METABOLISM:
- no air: phototrophic
- with air: chemotrophs (TCA, glycolysis)
Purple Sulfur
Phototrophic Anaerobes
–accumulateintracellular S granules
–useH2Sas electron donor (instead of H2O)
use reverse electron transport for reducing power!
Green Nonsulfur
Phototrophic Anaerobes
–anaerobicphototrophs in light, aerobic chemotrophsin dark
Green: More efficient
- Use cyclic photosynthetic pathways (and no oxygen!)
Green Sulfur
Phototrophic Anaerobes
–externalS granules
Green: more efficient
- Use cyclic photosynthetic pathways (and no oxygen!)
Sulfur oxidizers
Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
acidophillic: sulfate mixed in aqueous environment produce sulfuric acid, so these bacteria must <3 acid
–use S, H2Sas electron DONOR; O2as acceptor
–form internal S granules
–produce SO4-2, H2SO4 (some live at pH 2)
- bioleaching, biomining (Au2S3→ Au + H2SO4)
Nitrifying Bacteria
Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
–NH4+electron donor, O2 acceptor
–produce NO3-
- NH4+ → NO2- (ammonia oxidizers)
- NO2- → NO3- (nitrite oxidizers)
–high BOD of NH4+-- contaminated water
–use in decomposing ammonia wastes (sewage)
Mycobacterium
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs:
Obligate aerobes
- acid-fast
Pseudomonas
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs:
Obligate aerobes
- versatile metabolism, fluorescentpigments
- diversity is better than fitness: evolution
Deinococcus
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs:
Obligate aerobes
- super-resistance to radiation damage
- DNA repair enzymes shielded by Mn+2-phosphate-peptide complex
Multiple chromosomal copies (at least 2) allow duplicate genes for repair
Coryneforms
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs:
Facultative anaerobes
- diphtheroids
- “snapping division”
- breaksrather than pinches apart
- “Chinese Character” arrangement of cells
Enterobacteriaceae
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs:
Facultative anaerobes
- "gutbugs"
- facultative anaerobesGram neg. rodsferment glucosemotile by peritrichous flagella (all over!)
Classify by Habitat: Soil
–spore-formers
–Azotobacteria
–Myxobacteria
–Streptomyces
Classify by Habitat: Plants
–Agrobacterium
–Rhizobium
Classify by Habitat: Aquatic
–prosthecatebacteria
–Bdellovibrio
–bioluminescentbacteria
Classify by Habitat: Animals
–allthe pathogens we’ll cover later
Classify by Habitat: Extreme Environment
- acidophiles
- thermophiles
- halophiles
Azotobacteria
Habitat: Soil
- forms cysts (not endospores)
- “fixes” N2 to NH4+
- Free living: no nodules so must
increase respiration rate to limit available O2 so nitrogenase is not inactivated!
Myxobacteria
Habitat: Soil
- social motility – aggregate intofruiting bodies
- sense other bacteria, then form fruiting body
- advantage: bacteria cannot bring large nutrients into the cell (i.e proteins)
- instead, proteases break them down: the more bacteria producing enzymes, the more nutrients can be absorbed
Streptomyces
Habitat: Soil
- produce many antibiotics assecondary metabolites
cells are long filaments that form chains of conidialspores at the end
Habitat: Aquatic
- prosthecatebacteria
- cell cycle for replication: only cells with stalks can divide (must first lose flagella and then gain stalk)
Bdellovibrio
Habitat: Aquatic
- parasite of Gram negative bacteria
- grows inside periplasma
- penetrate organelle only w/n another bacterium
1. prey location 5. bdieloplast
2. attachment 6. septation
3. invasion 7. development
4. establishment 8. release
Bioluminescent Bacteria
Habitat: Aquatic
- Photobacterium fischerii
- produces light in response to crowded growth conditions
- Thisluciferase lights up toNADH
- bluish-green
- (different luciferase to detect ATP)
Agrobacterium
Habitat: Plants
- injects its DNA (Ti plasmid) intoa plant cell to have the plant cell make food for the bacterium
Wecan clone gene into Ti plasmid! Directly enter into this area to get gene intoplant
Rhizobium
Habitat: Plants
- “fixes” N2 to NH4+
Forms root nodules and uses an O2- binding heme (leg-hemoglobin) to bind to oxygen and lower O2 concentration to avoid inhibitingnitrogenase
Halophiles
Habitat: Extreme Salt Conc.
- 30% NaCl / 5M
- Osmoprotectants
- photosynthetic pigments
Hyperthermophiles
Habitat: Extreme Heat (deep-sea vents / hot springs)
- Mostly Archaea
- H2 or organic electron donors, and (usually) sulfur as electron acceptor, toproduce H2S
- Live symbiotically with organisms that use H2S as electron donor (Sulfolobus)
- Additional disulfide bonds: lessen denaturation
Picrophilus and Ferroplasma
Habitat: Extreme pH
- live in pH<0, but cytoplasm stays at pH of 6/7
- Tough membrane/protein cell wall than PG
- Secrete neutomolecules as pH buffers
- Actively pump out H+
Import K to buid up (+) inside so H+ won't enter!(reverse membrane potential)
Litho
Electrons from inorganic sources
About this deck
By: Cori Novelli
Created: 2012-03-18
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 9
Created: 2012-03-18
Size: 37 flashcards
Views: 9
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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