Micro 3
Biology 102 with Smith at University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
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Period of Incubation: Nature of the Organism
Period of Incubation is the length of time between initial entry and the onset of symptoms
Period of Incubation:Nature of Organism cont
-cold and flu:24-48 hrs
-chickenpox: 1-3 weeks
-TB: takes 6 months
-Leprosy: 2-5 years
-HIV: 8 years
-chickenpox: 1-3 weeks
-TB: takes 6 months
-Leprosy: 2-5 years
-HIV: 8 years
Period of Incubation: Virulence of the Organism
-how pathogenic the organism is
-as virulence increases incubation time decreases
-virulence increases between host transfers in epidemics( chickenpox 1-3 weeks)
-as virulence increases incubation time decreases
-virulence increases between host transfers in epidemics( chickenpox 1-3 weeks)
Period of Incubation:Resistance of the Host
-how good is the immune system of the host
-as resistance increases incubation time increases
-as resistance increases incubation time increases
Period of Incubation: Distance from entrance to focus of action
-example rabies 1-2 month incubation time
Period of Incubation: Amount of infectious agent
-how many organisms it takes for 50% to be infected
Virulence: Invasiveness and toxigenicity
-Can the organism spread through the body and the ability for the organism to produce disease
Virulence: Exaltation
Increasing the virulence of the organism by spreading it from host to host
Virulence: Attenuation
Decreasing the virulence( by exposure to chemicals like formaldehyde, heat or adverse conditions
Virulence: Acute
-quick onset get over quickly
ex. cold, flu, Hep A
ex. cold, flu, Hep A
Virulence: Chronic
slow onset, lasts a long time
ex. AIDS, Hep B and C, TB
ex. AIDS, Hep B and C, TB
Virulence: Systemic
-not just on the surface, its growing in the organism(syphillis, lyme disease)
Virulence: Local
stays at point of entry( Tetanus , boils, primary TB-pulmonary)
Virulence:Focal
when a local infection breaks away
Virulence
-the ability for the organism to produce disease
Septicemia
-pathogenic organisms in the blood
Bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
Viremia
-pathogenic virus in the blood
Pyemia
-puss producing organism is in the blood
Toxemia
-can produce toxins in the blood (Tetanus, Diptheria)
Sapremia
-a saprophyte in the blood (retained placenta, gas gangrene)
Invasiveness
-the organism can spread by pumping out extracellular enzymes
Hyaluronidase
hyaluronic acid (the cement between cells) is the substrate
hyaluronidase is the spreading factor if the bacteria produces this it dissolves the cement and allows spreading
hyaluronidase is the spreading factor if the bacteria produces this it dissolves the cement and allows spreading
Collagenase
-collagen is a common protein in connective tissue
-collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme
-collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme
Lecithinase
lethicin is a phospholipids in cell membranes
Streptolysins
-comes from streptococcus
-facultative anaerobes
-these are hemolysins
-facultative anaerobes
-these are hemolysins
Leucocidin
-cidin=kill
-leuco= white blood cell
staph and strep can kill white blood cells
-leuco= white blood cell
staph and strep can kill white blood cells
Kinases
streptokinase and staphylokinase dissolve fibrin
Fibrin
is important in clots
Toxigenicity: Endotoxins
-all G- have it and only G- produce it because they have outer membrane LPS; E.Coli can produce both exotoxins and endotoxins
-LPS breaks down when the bacteria dies and endotoxins are released
-LPS is a pyrogen
-are non-specific
-toxic at 1mg can kill 10 mice
-LPS breaks down when the bacteria dies and endotoxins are released
-LPS is a pyrogen
-are non-specific
-toxic at 1mg can kill 10 mice
Pyrogenic
-fever producing
Pyogenic
-puss producing
Exotoxins
-are specific; not all have the same reaction
-are more powerful much than endotoxins
-are more powerful much than endotoxins
Enterotoxins
-produced by many organisms
-are a form of exotoxins
-are a form of exotoxins
Signs
-signs are objective
-they are quantitive(fever, swelling)
-they are quantitive(fever, swelling)
Symptoms
-symptoms are subjective
-they are qualitative cannot put a number on it
-they are qualitative cannot put a number on it
Syndrome
-a group of signs and symptoms that indicate that you have a disease
Portals of Exit: Feces
Hep A, Polio, E. Coli, Salmonella, Typhoid fever, Cholera
Portals of Exit: Urine
typhoid fever, gonorrhea
Portals of Exit: Sputum
cold, flu, measles, rubella, small pox, TB, pneumonia
Portals of Exit: Secretions
athletes foot, genital herpes, MRSA, chicken pox, leprosy
Portals of Exit: Blood
AIDS, Hep B and C, malaria
Genetics: Species Immunity
-Species barrier
-certain infections only infect humans while certain infections only infect animals
-certain infections only infect humans while certain infections only infect animals
Genetics: Racial Immunity
-all are homo sapiens but different races
-some races are more likely to be infected by some infections
-some races are more likely to be infected by some infections
Genetics:Individual Immunity
-example some individuals are more susceptible to certain infections
ex. athletes foot
-Herpes #6 many have it but it can lead to Multiple sclerosis in some individuals
ex. athletes foot
-Herpes #6 many have it but it can lead to Multiple sclerosis in some individuals
Defense Mechanisms: Age
very young and the very old are more susceptible to certain infections
Defense Mechanisms:Gender
-Females are more likely to get UTI'S because they have a shorter urethra
-Females are more likely to be health carr
-Females are more likely to be health carr
Defense Mechanisms: Mental State
-positive attitudes leads to less severe symptoms
-may be related to endorphins
-may be related to endorphins
Defense Mechanisms; Living Conditions
-higher class people may be too clean. They don't get exposed to many microorganisms so they have little clinical doses, so they are more likely to get sick
Defense Mechanisms: Occupation
-some occupations cause individuals to be more susceptible to certain infections and diseases
-Hepatitis C is easily passed in the blood and can lie dormant for 20yrs ex. firefighters and EMS are more susceptible to this infection
-Hepatitis C is easily passed in the blood and can lie dormant for 20yrs ex. firefighters and EMS are more susceptible to this infection
Defense Mechanism: Fatigue
-fatigue makes you more prone to Herpes, infectious mononucleosis
Defense Mechanism: Nutrition
-Poor nutrition is the #1 cause a person gets sick
Defense Mechanisms: Natural Barriers the first line of defense: Skin
-Provides protection b/c of interlocking layers
-staph and dermatophytes can get through uncompromised skin
-shed skin constantly this gets rid of bacteria
-acid mantle has a pH of 4.5-6.5 organisms that are residents can handle this acid
-resident flora take up space so other organisms cant grow
-staph and dermatophytes can get through uncompromised skin
-shed skin constantly this gets rid of bacteria
-acid mantle has a pH of 4.5-6.5 organisms that are residents can handle this acid
-resident flora take up space so other organisms cant grow
Natural Barriers: Mucous Membrane
-we have alot a mucous to trap things in the respiratory tract
-there are cilia in the respiratory tract to push mucous backwards so we can swallow
-there are cilia in the respiratory tract to push mucous backwards so we can swallow
Natural Barriers: GI Tract
-mucus goes through the thick walled stomach which also has mucus
-many organisms enter the colon but are removed via defecation
-many organisms enter the colon but are removed via defecation
Natural Barriers: Eyes
-tears are mechanical flushers they physically remove the organism
-IgA is an antibody in tears that fights infection and is also in saliva and mucus
-IgA is an antibody in tears that fights infection and is also in saliva and mucus
Genito-Urinary system
-mucus protects it and everything about mucus applies here
Defense Mechanisms: Leukocytes
-Red Blood Cells: 5 million/micro liter these carry oxygen
-White Blood Cells: 5000-10000/ microliter
-White Blood Cells: 5000-10000/ microliter
Defense Mechanisms: Leukocytes
Granulocytes-when you stain them you see large granules also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Defense Mechanisms: Leukocytes-Granulocytes:Neutrophils
-55-90% of White Blood Cell Count
About this deck
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“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
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