Microbiology
Biology 100 with Seitz at Johnson County Community College
About this deck
By: Sarah Kalivoda
Textbook:
Microbiology: An Introduction, Books a la Carte Edition (10th Edition)
Created: 2011-09-20
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 17
Textbook:
Microbiology: An Introduction, Books a la Carte Edition (10th Edition)Created: 2011-09-20
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 17
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What are microbes?
microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
What is normal microbiota and why is it important?
Normal flora are microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease.
What are the seven major types of microbes?
Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoan, Fungi, Viruses, Parasites, and Algae.
Spontaneous Generate Theory
The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells.
Biogenesis Theory
Living cells arise from preexisting cells.
Germ Theory of Disease
The principle that microorganisms cause disease.
Robert Hooke
Studied the structure of the cork, theorized that living organisms are made up of individual cells..
Fancesco Redi
Showed that by covering meat, maggots don't grow.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Created the 1st rudimentary mecroscope, saw 1st microbes.
Rudolf Virchow
Came up with biogenesis, cells from preexisting cells.
Louis Pasteur
Created the bent flask, disproved Spontaneous Generation, discovered fermentation and pasteurization, first thought for vaccination.
Robert Koch
Cultured TB bacteria, made Koch's Postulates, discovered Germ Theory of Disease.
Joseph Lister
Discovered the importance of antiseptics in surgery (carbolic acid, bad for skin)
Edward Jenner
Discovered vaccination (cowpox defeats smallpox).
Paul Ehrlich
Developed theories on immunity, 1st drug to trat infection (salvarsan).
Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin, 1st antibiotic. Discovered that mold could kill bacteria.
Wendell Stanley
Discovered 1st virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
Paul Berg
Performed experiments in gene splicing, DNA can be manipulated and rearranged to serve a useful purpose.
Cohesion
Property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. H2O
Adhesion
Attraction process between dissimilar molecular species that can potentially bring them in direst contract. H2O
Surface tension
Property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. H2O
Capillary Action
the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity where liquid spontaneously rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube. Ex: Bent Flask. H2O
Solidification
a phase change in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. H2O
Specific Heat Capacity
The measurable physical quanity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount. H2O
Heat of Evaporation
The energy required to perform a given quantity of a substance into a gas at a give pressure. H2O
Universal Solvent
A property of water.
Acid
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more negative ions (anions), a proton donor.
Base
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions.
Salt
A substance that dissolves into water to cations and anions.
pH
The symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Carbohydrates
Fuel cell activities witha ready source of energy, are needed for strucural support of cell walls, used in cell to cell communication. Building blocks are monosaccharieds.
Lipids
Energy storage, act as structural components of cell membranes, and participate as important signaling molecules. Fatty acids and glycerol are the building blocks.
Nucleic Acids
Allow organisms to transfer genetic info from one generation to the next, they store and express genetic ino. Nucleotides are the bulding blocks.
Protein Structures
Primary = sequence where amino acids link together to form the polypeptide chain.
Secondary = repetitive twisting of the chain. The two types are helices and pleated sheets, held together by hydrogen bonds between oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
Tertiary = overall 3D structure of the chian. The folding unrepetiive or predictable, involves several interactions between various amino acid side groups in the chain.
Quaternary = 2+ individual chains (subunit), operates as single unit,
DNA vs RNA
Deoxyribose sugar vs ribose,
Double strand vs single strand nucleotides,
Double helix with hydrogen bonds vs linear strand with no hydrogen bonds,
Found in nucleus vs in nucleus and cytoplasm,
Controls cell activites vs make proteins.
Brightfield Microscope
uses visible light for illumination, specimens viewed agians a white backround.
Darkfeild Microscope
used to examine live microorganisms that are either invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be normally stained, or are distorted by over staining.
Phase Contrast Microscope
permits detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms.
Flourescence Microscope
uses a diagnostic technique, fluorescent-antibody technique that can detect bacteria or other pathogenic microorganisms, even within cells, tissures, or other clinical specimens. It can be used to identify a microbe in minutes.
Confocal Microscope
used to reconstruct 3D images, it eliminates blurring, can be used to evaluate cellular physiology by monitoring the distributions and concentrations of substrance such as a ATP and calcium ions.
Scanning Electron Microscope
provides 3D views of the specimen magnified 1000-10,000x.
Transmission Electron Microscope
directs the beam of electrons in a straight line to illuminate the specimen, provides high magnifications of thin sections of a specimen.
Purpose of Simple Stain
to kill or weaken, attach to a slide, and improve visualization.
Chemical Basis of dyes
Basic dyes have affinity towards negative charges and bind to them. Acidic dyes have affinity towards positive charges and bind to them.
Gram Stain Steps
Smear, apply Crystal Violet primary dye, rinse with water, apply iodine mordant, rinse with water and then alcohol, rinse with water, apply Safranin counterdye, rinse, blot dry.
Acid Fast Stain
a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorezed by acid-alcohol.
Capsule Stain
employs an acidic stain and a basic stain to detect capsule production.
Endospore Stain
a differential stain used to visualize bacterial endospores.
Flagella Stain
used indirectly to denote bacterial motility.
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Larger vs smaller
DNA in nucleus vs DNA free floating
Cell wall has no peptidoglycan vs cell wall has peptidoglycan
Simple or absent cell wall vs 99% have cell walls
Mitosis vs Binary Fusion
Flagella inside cell, whips vs Flagella outside cell, spirals
Cilia vs No cilia
Prokaryotic use fimbriae for adhesion
Common Parts of Prokaryotic Cells
Plasma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nuclei (DNA)
Glycocalyx
"sugar cage", sugary later outside cell wall, adheres to surfaces, prevent dehydration.
Fimbriae
used to adhere to surfaces, composed of many short projections.
Pili
one long projection used for grappling hook movement, called sex pili because they grab hold of another cell to transfer DNA.
Cell Wall
99% of cells have them, give shape, contain peptidoglycan, provide stability.
Flagella
anchored in cell membrane, primary use is for movement.
Ribosomes
use DNA to make proteins.
Gytoplasm
contains all ingredients, enzymes, and water.
Genomic DNA
genetic into of the cell, intructions for proteins.
Plasmid
a DNA molecule that is separate in form, can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. Double stranded and sometimes circular. Usually occur naturally in bacteria, but sometimes in eukaryotic organisms.
Plasma Membrane
phospholipid bilayer, diveds insdie and out.
Axial Filament
outside cell wall, make cells ahve spirochete shape, used for movement.
Endospores
optional feature, means of survival in harsh conditions, not a form of reproduction, cell copies and coats genomic DNA in peptidoglycan, lipids, and sugars to allow it to survive.
Simple Diffusion
when solutes move to gain balance.
Facilitated Diffusion
uses protein channels in membrane to move solute to gain balance.
Active Transport
when protein channels move solutes against the concentrate gradient (low-> high, uses energy).
Ribosomes: Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
free in the cytoplasm and attached to ER vs only free in the cytoplasm or protoplasm.
Cell Walls: Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
The cell walls of prokaryotics are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotics.
Genomic DNA: Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
linear vs circular
About this deck
By: Sarah Kalivoda
Textbook: Microbiology: An Introduction, Books a la Carte Edition (10th Edition)
Created: 2011-09-20
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 17
Textbook:
Microbiology: An Introduction, Books a la Carte Edition (10th Edition)Created: 2011-09-20
Size: 70 flashcards
Views: 17
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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