Mid Term

·      rules governing the internal organization of words (form)

·      rules governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words (form)

how language is used for social purposes (use)

·      Sensorineural hearing loss-breakdown of inner ear

·      Conductive hearing loss-hearing in middle ear/outer ear

Afferent (toward the nervous system) vs Efferent (away from the nervous system)

·      Developmental Plasticity-sensory experiences

·      Learning Plasticity-instruction

·      Injury Plasticity - Incredibly Important for rehabilitation

·      Pinna (Auricle)-lots of grooves to help funnel sound into the EAC. Assists in sound localization

·      directs the acoustic energy to the ear drum. The lateral 3^rd part has hairs and glands that make ear wax to protect ear drum. Forms an S shape which increases sound intensity and acts as a resonator

·      brings oxygen into the middle ear space. Equalizes the pressure to the air pressure. Opens with changes in pressure. Opens once a minute while awake and once every 5 mins while asleep. You need equal pressures on both sides of the Tm maximizes mobility

·      Semicircular Canals- organ of balance

·      hearing system. Organ of cordi-has hair cells. When hair cells are stimulated this creates an electrical signal and then signal is sent up to the auditory nerve.  Has fluid filled channels.  The Basilar membrane is organized by frequency. Apex- lower frequencies and the base has higher frequencies

·      Stapes footplate moves in and out of oval window. This  sets the cochlea fluids into motion.  This is hydraulic energy.  Movement of cochlear fluids causes hair cells to fire and transmit the sounds signal from the cochlea to the nerve

·      Processing of speech info occurs throughout the central auditory nervous system

·      Audiometer

·      Otoscope-gives a good view of the tympanic membrane

·      Ear buds/inserts

·      uses supraaural headphones

·      physical measurement of loudness

·      psychological perception of intensity

·      The Threshold Audibility is the lowest level a person can hear

·      The shaded area is the average human hearing

·      Frequencies tested: 125, 250, 500,1000, 2000, 4000, 8000

o  These are the sound significant for speech

·      Intensities tested: from 0-100. The top (0) is the softest sounds

·      X-left ear air conduction

·      O-right ear air conduction

·      < or > indicate BC scores

o  Air conduction-provides an assessment of the functional integrity of the outer, middle and inner ears

o  Bone conduction-reflects the function of the cochlea, regardless of the status of the outer or middle ears

·      Tympanometry-measures ear drum mobility (detects disorders of the middle ear)

o  Air pressure in the ear canal is varied to test the condition and mobility (movement) of the tympanic membrane

·      Electrophysiology- meaures the nervous system

o  Central auditory pathways

o  Auditory brainstem response (ABR)

·      Otoacoustic Emissions-measures function of the cochlea

o  Sounds produced by healthy ears in response to acoustic stimulation

o  Byproducts of hair cells-which are in the cochlea (organ of corti)

·      Acoustic Reflexes-ears response to loud sounds

o  Contraction of ME muscles to loud sound

·      Conductive-problems with outer/middle ear

·      Sensorineural-problems with the cochlea

·      Retrocohlear-problems beyond the cochlea-including the auditory nerve, and the Cortex (can be due to stroke, tumor)

·      Normal-0-25 dB HL

·      Mild- 26-40 dB HL

·      Moderate- 41-55 dB HL

·      Moderately-Severe- 56-70 dB HL

·      Severe 71-90

·      Adults 0-25dB HL

·      Children 0-15 dB HL

·      Adults over 65- 40 dB HL

o  Children need prestine hearing for acquiring speech and language

·      Systems involved in speech-nervous system, respiratory system, phonatory system, articulatory system and resinatory system

o  Place-place in vocal tract that remains motionless in consonant articulation

o  Manner –how airflow is manipulated by the articulators

o  Voicing-presence of vibration by the vocal folds

·      Bilabial (lips) –sounds where 2 lips are coming together to form sounds

·      Labio-dental – lip to teeth such as f sounds and v sounds

·      Lingua-dental (lingua-tongue) –using tongue between teeth such as th sound

·      Lingua-alveolar –tongue to alveolar ridge such as n and z

·      Lingua-palatal –tongue to hard palate

·      Lingua-velar –c and ing with the tongue and velar

·      Glottal (space between the vocal folds) –restriction of the vocal folds

·      Continuants- Continuous airflow

Nasals-have sound go thru nasal cavity

Glides

Fricatives-constriction of air thru narrow passages

-Stops

afficatives and plosives

o  Birth cry

o  Crying(2-3 months)

o  Cooing (3-6 months)  : ooh and ah

o  Babbling (6-9 months) : CV, VC, VCV

§  Children born deaf and normal hearing children diverge here

o  First words (9-15 months)