Midterm 1 ch. 1-7

Sociology 101 with Hodson at Ohio State University - All Campuses

About this deck

By: Jonathan Up
Textbook: Sociology: A Brief Introduction
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 102

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Sociology

scientific study of social behavior and human groups

sociological imagination

an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.

natural science

study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. (chemistry geology, physics)

social science

study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change (sociology, anthropology, psychology)

Anomie

refers to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. (durkheim)

Ideal Type

a model for evaluating specific cases.

Weber

Ideal type.
verstehen

verstehen

German word for understanding

Macrosociology vs micro

large scale of entire civilizations

study of small groups, often through experimental means

Merton

macro and micro sociology

Functionalist Perspective

emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain stability. Parsons.

Manifest functions

institutions are open, stated, conscious functions. involved the recognized consequences of an aspect of society such as the university role in certifying academic excellence. (merton)

Latent functions

unconscious unintended functions that reflect hidden purposes of an institution. latent function of the university serving as a meeting ground for people to meet

dysfunction

refers to an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability

conflict perspective

assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation.

feminist view

sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization. allied with conflict perspective

interactionist perspective

generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.

dramaturgical approach

people are seen as theatrical performers `

Functionalist

stable, macro, punishment reinforces social order, DURKHEIM, PARSONS, MERTON

Conflict

struggle between groups, macro, inequality, people shaped by power, maintained through force, change is positive, laws reinforce those in power, MARX, DU Bois, WELLS- Barnett

interactionist

everyday social interaction, micro, nonverbal communication, communication with others, respect or disobey laws based on past experiences, MEAD, COOLEY, GOFFMAN

applied sociology

the use of discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.

globalization

worldwide integration of government politics, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas.

operational definition

an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept.
EX: someone studying prejudice might consider a persons unwillingness to hire or work with members of minority groups

causal logic

the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to the other,
EX: being less integrated into society may be related to likelihood of suicide.

correlation

change in one variable coincides with change in the o1ther.

validity

refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study

reliability

the extent to which a measure produces consistent results.

control variable

factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable

ethnography

the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

experimental group

exposed to the independent variable when the control group is not

argot

specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

counterculture

deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

culture industry

the worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers

culture lag

period of maladjustment when the non-material culture is still struggling to adapt to the new material conditions

diffusion

process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group

dominant ideology

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Folkway

a norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises little concern.

formal norm

has been written down and that specifies strict punishment for violators

informal norm

generally understood but not recorded

innovation

process of introducing a new idea or object to a cuture through discovery or invention

law

governmental social control

material culture

the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

nonmaterial culture

ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication

sanction

a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality. it holds that language is culturally determined.

value

collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, or improper

anticipatroy socialization

process of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

cognitive theory of development

children thoughts progresses through four stages of development (PIAGET)

degraduation ceremony

an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals

face-work

the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avid public embarrassment

gender role

expectations regarding the proper behavior and attitudes of males or females

generalized other

attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior (MEAD)

impression manegment

altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences (GOFFMAN)

life course approach

research orientation in which sociologist and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives from birth to death

looking glass self

a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions
(COOLEY)

resocialization

process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of transition in ones life

rite of passage

ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to the other

sandwich generation

the generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

self

(MEAD) distinct identity that sets us apart from others

total institution

one that regulates all aspects of a persons life under a single authority such as prison, military, or mental hospital

agrarian society

technology advanced society. production of food.

ascribed status

assigned to a person without that person having to work for it

classical theory

views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

formal organization

designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency

gemeinschaft

a close knit community often in rural areas

gesellshaft

community, often urban, is large and impersonal with little commitment to group or values

human relations approach

approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes role of people, communications, participation's in bureaucracy, informal structure.

ideal type

construct a model for evaluating specific cases

iron law of oligarchy

principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will develop into a bureaucracy

mechanical solidarity

collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity,

net neutrality

view that the government should remain neutral toward online content

organic solidarity

collective consciousness that rests on mutual independence,

peter principle

where every employee within hierarchy tents to rise to his or her level of incompetence

postmodern society

technologically sophisticated preoccupied with consumer goods and media images

primary group vs secondary group

small and face to face association
VS
formal impersonal group where little social intimacy

role conflict

when incompatible expectations arise from tow or more social positions held by the same person

role exit

process of disengagement from role that is central to ones self identity in order to establish a new role and identity

role strain

difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

trained incapacity

tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become SO specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

digital divide

relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low income groups, minorities,

dominant ideology

set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

gatekeeping

process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience

narcotizing dysfunction

phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information's, regardless of how compelling the issue

opinion leader

someone who influences opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication

anomie theory of deviance

MERTONS theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment OR both

control theory

a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

cultural transmission

school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

differential association

theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts

formal social control

social control that is carried out by authorized agents such as police officers , judges, employers

index crimes

eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI- rape, robbery, murder, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

informal social control

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such as laughing, smiles, ridicule

labeling theory

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why people are viewed as deviants, while others engaged in the same behavior are not

organized crime

prostitution, gambling, smuggling and sale of drugs

social constructionist perspective

an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity

social control

strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

social disorganization theory

increase in crime and deviance to the absence of communal relationships and social institutions such as family school church

societal reaction approach

another name for labeling theory

stigma

label used to devalue members of certain social groups

transnational crime

crime that occurs across multiple national borers

vicitmication survey

questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime

victimless crime

a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services

white collar crime

illegal acts committed by affluent "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities

About this deck

By: Jonathan Up
Textbook: Sociology: A Brief Introduction
Created: 2011-01-24
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 102

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis