Midterm 1
Childhood Development 150 with O'donel-johnson at California State University - San Jose State University
About this deck
By: Alison Abernethy
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 11
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 11
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Behaviorism
Change in behavior that occurs in response to the consequences of prior behavior, the theoretical perspective that seeks to explain behavior in terms of factors external to the mind
Connectionism
A theoretical persepctive that holds that thinking consists of activiating acnnections in a newwork of interconnected odes and of activation spreading in this netword along paths determined by the strpeths of the conncection among nodes
Domain-specific capacities
Mental capacities or abilities that are useful for only one task or domain. (if the mental capacity is responsible for language acquisition were used only to acquire language and nothings else, it would be domain specific capacity.)
Universal Grammar- UG
the set of principle and parameters that describe the structure of all languages of the worlds; hypothesized by some to be part of the child's innate knowledge
Modularity Thesis
The cognitive theory that holds the ability to develop language is a self contained module in the mind, separate from other form and other aspects of mental functioning
Statistical Learning
learning of the co occurence probabilites of experienced stimuli. (babies presented with sequence of sounds appear to learn the conditional probability of one sound following another in teh sequence they are heard)
Rule Learning
The learning of relationships among abstract entities for which different items may be substituted such as learnign the pattern x, y, x where any item can be substituted for x and for y.
CHILDES
Child language data exchange system. A computer program for the analysis of transcripts and an archive of previously collected transcripts of children's speech
Pidigin
A strucutally simple language the arisies when people who share no common language com in contact
Creoles
A language that develops when children acquire a pidgin lagnuge as thier native language and which is grammatically more complex than a pidgin language
Functional Asymmetry
the characteristics of the human brain in which each hemisphere serves different functions
Broca's Aphasia (mom)
the condition in which the ability to produce speech is severely impaired because of brain damage
Wernicke's Aphasia
The condition in which patients speak rapidly and fluently but without meaning as a result of damage to part of the left hemisphere of the brain
Equipotentiality Hypothesis
the hypothesis that at birth both hemispheres of the brain have equal potential for acquiring language
Invariance hypohtesis
the theory that holds teh left hemisphere of the brain has the adult specialization for language from birth
Plasticity
the ability to have parts of parts of the brain to take over functions they normally would not sure. more in child's than adults
critical period hypothesis
The theory that there is a biologically determined period during which language acquisition must occur
Critical Period
a biolgically determined window of time during which an organism must have certain experiences in order for development to precede normally
- window of opportunity for language to be learned
- window of opportunity for language to be learned
Dominant language switch hypothesis
the hypothesis that children tend to learn a second language more comletly than adults do because children, more than adults tend to switch to the second language as their dominate langaue and use it more
Crucial feature of language
REFERENCE (symbols that stand for things), SYNTAX (e is a productive system for combining symbols to express new meaning). INTENTIONALITY (the speaker use language for the purpose of communicating with others)
Prosody
the intonation contour of speech, including pauses and changes in stress and pitch
Pragmatics
the communication functions or uses of language
Phonology
the sound system of a language
Semantics
The rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combination
Syntax
A system of rules for building phrases out of words (which belong to particular grammatical categories: noun/verb/etc) and for building sentences out of these constituent phrases
Phoneme boundary effect
the phenomenon in which the same acoustic difference but imperceptible if the two stimuli are within range of variation perceived as one phoneme
Motherese
the kind of speech that mothers produce when talking to infants and young children, characterized by higher pitch, wider pitch range, longer pauses, and shorter phrases
Stages of Pre-speech vocal development
reflexive crying and vegetative sounds, cooing and laughter, vocal play, reduplicated babbling, non reduplicated babbling
Canonical babbling
a reduplicated series of the same consonant-vowel combination in clear syllables (da-da)
Prosodic bootstrapping hypothesis
the hypothesis that language learning children find and use clues to syntactic structure of language in prosodic characteristics of the speech they hear
Phonological bootstrapping hypothesis
the hypothesis that language learning children find and use clues to the syntactic structure of language in phonological properties of the speech they hear
babbling drift
the notion that the sounds in infants babbling are influenced by the ambient language. their babbling "drifts in the direction of the speech the infant hears"
pragmatic principle
a principle about how words are used that, by hypothesis helps figure out the meaning of newly encountered words
Phones
a speech sounds such as p, p^h, b used by any language
Phonemes
speech sounds that signal difference in a meaning in a particular language
communicative competence
the ability to use language in socially appropriate ways for communicative purposes
Pragmatic Development
understanding the function of a language
Discourse Development
Knowing how to participate in conversation and relate a past event
Sociolinguistic Development
development as socially competent language user
Event Knowledge
Children engage in events, familiar activities and occurrences present in their daily life experiences. (which form basic units of representation)
Monologues
self talk, during their play time or along
Scripts
spatial and temporal order (it happened in the bathroom, before bedtime= time and place), A hierarchy (order), use of time timeless verbs (no verbs in future or past tense)
Stories
emerge at about 4, shows the use of past tense, has beginning and ending markers, the use of conjunctions "and" and "then" to indicate the introduction of new action
Elaborative narrative style
Characterized by asking questions that help the child say something that move the narrative forward
Repetitive Narrative Style
Characterized by questions taht seek the same and answers over and over agian
Linguistically continent responses
form a reply would be "it is" followed by a prepositional phrase the describes a location
Registers
Styles of language that use associated with particular social settings of listeners
Primary Inter-subjectivity
the ability to relate to an object or to another person but not both at the same time
Secondary Inter-subjectivity
the ability to relate to another persona about an object appears around 9 or 10 months
Joint Attention
the state in which 2 people for example child and a conversational partner, are attending he same object or event, the skill coordinating attention with others is related to language development
Intentionality
the characteristic of having a purpose or goal (in speaking)
Collective Monologue
a type of pseudo conversation engaged in by preschool children. Although children may take turns talking, each speakers turn has little to do with previous speakers turn (unable to place oneself at point of view of listener)
Private Speech
speech produced for one's self (as opposed to for another listener)
Scaffolding
a term used to describe the support or children's language use that more competent speakers sometimes provide. (ex: routinized formats for interaction and leading questions that adults ask)
Reerntial Communication
a communication task in which the speaker must indicate to a listener which times to select out of an array of items
About this deck
By: Alison Abernethy
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 11
Created: 2011-03-20
Size: 55 flashcards
Views: 11
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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