Midterm 1

Kinesiology 303 with Hagobian at California State University - Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

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By: shannon kelly
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 31

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Pulmonary Respiration

Refers to ventilation (breathing) and the
exchange of gases (O2 and CO2

Cellular Respiration

O2 utilization and CO2 production by tissues **Occurs at tissues!

Ventilation

mechanical process of breathing air into and out of the pulmonary system (nose, trachea, lungs). *1 step leading to respiration.

Respiration

major cellular mechanism of energy conversion, and exchange of 02 and CO2 at the CELLULAR LEVEL

4 Purposes of Breathing

1) exchange oxygen
2) maintain Ph/control blood acidity
3)exchange CO2
4)oral communication

Diffusion

Moving from high concentration to low concentration

02 tension in lungs > blood... Therefore, which way does it move?

moves from lungs to blood

CO2 tension in lungs < blood... Therefore, which way does it move?

moves from blood to lungs

Alveoli

microscopic air sacs located in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between respiratory gases and blood.

Which 4 parts of the respiratory system make up the 'conducting zone?'

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

Which 3 parts of the respiratory system make up the 'respiratory zone?'

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs

Conducting Zone

Conducts air TO respiratory zone;

humidifies, warms, and filters air

Respiratory Zone

Exchange of gases between air and blood

What 2 items help with filtration in conducting zone?

1)Mucus: traps small, inhaled particles *moved by cilia
2)Macrophage: Engulf particles that reach alveoli

How do we breathe?

Air goes down its concentration gradient
*FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION!

At rest, what are the values for atmospheric pressure and pressure in our lungs?

760 mmHg (both)

When we inspire, is the pressure in our lungs <, >, = atmospheric pressure?

Lower! It has to be lower in order for the air to move DOWN its concentration gradient

When we exhale, is the pressure in our lungs <, >, = atmospheric pressure?

Higher! Moves from the higher pressure, in our lungs, to the lower pressure, atmospheric.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute (V)

V=Vt x f
Pulmonary Ventilation = Tidal volume x frequency

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Amount of air moved per breath

Breathing frequency (f)

Number of breaths per minute

Dead-Space ventilation (Vd)

air that does not reach alveoli

Alveolar Ventilation (Va)

Volume of inspired air that reaches the respiratory zone

What is the average man's (70 kg) pulmonary ventilation at rest?

V=Vt x f
V= 0.5 L/breath x 15 breath/min
V=7.5 L/min

During maximal exercise, what is the pulmonary ventilation (V)?

~20x's greater than resting value
V=3.5 L/breath x 50 breaths/min
V=175 L/min

Why is pulmonary Ventilation important?

Useful for diagnosing lung volumes and diseases
e.g. COPD

What does COPD stand for and what does it mean?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Increased airway resistance due to constant airway narrowing
*Results in decreased expiratory airflow

What 2 diseases are included in COPD?

1)Chronic Bronchitis- excessive mucus blocks airways
2)Emphysema- airway collapse and increased resistance

How do we measure pulmonary volumes?

SPIROMETRY

Partial Pressure

Sum of all the pressures that each gas would exert independently

Q OF DAY: How and by what process does O2 enter the lungs and CO2 leave the lungs?

Diffusion and partial pressure

Partial pressure of O2 in atmosphere is HIGHER than the P.P. of 02 in alveolar air and blood. Therefore, it must move DOWN concentration gradient.
***ONE WAY VALVES PREVENT BLOOD FROM MOVING BACKWARDS WHEN TRAVELING FROM CAPILLARIES TO HEART!

What is the driving force to breath?

Levels of CO2

How is most 02 transported in the blood?

bound to hemoglobin

99%!!!

Hemoglobin (Hb)

a protein contained in red blood cells

Oxyhemoglobin

Hb bound to O2

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hb not bound to 02

Veins (at rest): 40 mmHg
Arteries: 100 mmHg

What two factors alter 02-Hb Dissociation Curve?

pH
Temperature

Low pH: affect on O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

SHIFTS TO RIGHT!!!!
more acidic "bohr Effect" b/c more H+ ions from glycolysis
Facilitates more 02 UNLOADING

High pH: affect on O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

SHIFTS TO LEFT!!!!
More alkaline
Facilitates tighter bonding of O2 and Hb with LESS O2 unloading
**This makes sense because a high pH makes the graph move 'higher' or to the left!

High Temperature: affect on O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

MOVES TO RIGHT!!
MORE O2 UNLOADING.

Low Temperature: affect on O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

MOVES TO LEFT!!!!!!!
facilitates tighter bonding

Main stimulation to breathe?

increase in CO2

Why does ventilation increase overtime on a hot/humid environment?

Increase in body temperature

Why are hydrogen ions (H+) bad?

Interfere with actin and myosin

Ventilatory Threshold

Inflection point where Ve increases exponentially
Occurs ~50% VO2 max

Hypoxemia

Low PO2 level

What are some of the effects of endurance training on Ventilation During Exercise?

-Increase blood volume
-Increase Plasma
-Increase hemoglobin
-Reduces Ventilation
SHIFTS GRAPH TO RIGHT!!

Lactic Acid

Hydrogen ions (H+)

Does exercise training have an effect on lung structure and function at rest?

NO!!!

Does the pulmonary system limit exercise performance?

No (Not at sea level or in disease free individual)
Our lungs are overbuilt!

Bradycardia

Low heart rate
*Reduction in the simulation from the sympathetic nervous system and increased stimulated parasympathetic system.

Q OF DAY: You go to the doc and your HR is 40 beats/min. The doc wants to admit you to the hospital, WhY?

exercise training can lead to changes in the EKG that can be confused with symptoms of heart disease. **Bradycardia- pathalogical condition indicating the heart isnt functioning properly and may require a pacemaker. They are confusing your exercise training w. having a pathological condition.

3 Main Functions of the Cardiorespiratory System

1) Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
2) Removal of CO2 waste from tissues
3) Regulates body temperature

Cardiorespiratory System

Because the circulatory system works hand on hand with the respiratory system.

What creates the pressure to pump blood in the body?

Heart

Where does the exchange of O2, CO2, and nutrients with tissues take place?

Capillaries

Cardiac Cycle

Includes all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
*Includes atrial systole and diastole followed by, ventricular systole and diastole. Recorded by EKG

Systole

CONTRACTION PHASE
2/3 blood is ejected from ventricles per beat

Diastole

Relaxation Phase
Refill with blood

At rest, which is bigger: Diastole or Systole?

Diastole

During exercise, which is bigger: Diastole or Systole?

Systole

Cardiac Output

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

CO= heart rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
beats/min x L/beat
= L/min

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Amount of blood in ventricle at the END of diastole (Preload)

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Amount of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood ejected with every heartbeat
SV= EDV - ESV

3 Regulations of Stroke Volume

1)End Diastolic Volume or preload: amount ventricles are STRETCHED by blood volume at end of diastole. more stretch=more contractile Force
2) Average aortic Blood PRessure: pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood.
3) Strength of the ventricular Contraction/ Contractility: increase Ca2+ in cytoplasm

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

Amount of blood returning to heart (venous return) is most important factor affecting preload.

How long does it take the heart to pump your entire blood volume?

~1 minute!

How can you enhance contractility?

-Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Direct sympathetic stimulation of heart
- Increase in contractility is due to greater Ca2+ into cytoplasm

What factors influence CO or Q?

Training Status (Trained vs. Untrained)
Gender
Age

How does exercise training influence CO?

Exercise increases blood volume, venous return, and therefore preload.

2 Major adjustments of blood flow during exercise

1) Increased cardiac output
2) Redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscle

How much of blood flow will go to active muscles/tissues during exercise?

80%

How is exercise cardioprotective?

1)Reduce incidence of heart attack
2)improves survival from heart attack
*Reduces amount of myocardial damage from heart attack

What determines patient's chance of recovery?

# of cardiac cells that are destroyed during heart attack

Can indv'ls with cardiovascular disease decrease their chances of death by exercising?

YES, significantly!

Who is more resistant to fatigue, men or women?

WOMEN! they have less type IIx fibers, which fatigue sooner. However, even in the same muscle fiber, women fatigue less.
*In a study done in 1999 by Fulco et al., they discovered women have more capillaries, oxidative metabolism, and more mitochondria.

Q OF DAY: Blood pressure can be increased by which of the following factors?

A) ^ Blood volume
B) ^ Blood viscosity
C) ^ Heart Rate
D) ^ Stroke Volume
E) ^ Peripheral Resistance

Hypertrophy

increase muscle size (diameter)

Left Ventricle (LV) hypertrophy due to: DISEASE

Less compliant
Holds LESS blood
LESS ejection fraction

Left Ventricle (LV) hypertrophy due to:EXERCISE

MORE compliant
holds MORE blood
HIGHER ejection fraction

Blood pressure

Force exerted by blood against arterial walls and is determined by how much blood is pumped and the resistance of blood flow.
*Used as indication of health

Normal blood pressure? Men / Women

Men: 120/80 mmHg
Women: 110/70 mmHg
****Systolic/ Diastolic

Pulse Pressure

Difference b/n systolic and diastolic
* HIgh value may be indication of heart disease

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average pressure in the arteries
Determines rate of blood flow through the systemic circuit
MAP= DBP + 0.33(SBP-DBP) *estimate

Hypertension

Blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg

2 Types of Hypertension and their causes

1)Primary (Essential) Hypertension: cause= unknown; 90% cases of hypertension
2) Secondary Hypertension: Cause= result of some other disease process "secondary" to another disease

Risk factors for Hypertension

Left ventricular hypertrophy
atherosclerosis
kidney damage
Stroke

Atherosclerosis

build up of plaque in coronary artery

Factors that influence arterial blood pressure

cardiac output
Total vascular resistance=sum of resistance to blood flow by systemic circulation
MAP= CO x TVR

What regulates blood pressure: SHORT TERM?

Sympathetic Nervous System/ SNS
-Baroreceptors (Pressure Receptors) in aorta and carotid areries
Increase BP = Decrease SNS activity
Decrease BP = Increase SNS activity

What regulates blood pressure: LONG TERM?

Kidneys- via control of blood volume

How many voluntary skeletal muscles does the human body contain?

over 400

3 Major Functions of skeletal muscle:

1) Force production for locomotion and breathing
2) Force production for postural support
3) Heat production during cold stress

Myofibrils

threadlike protein filaments that make up muscle fibers

2 Major types of contractile proteins:

Actin (Part of thin filament)
Myosin (Part of thick filament)

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Sarcomere

Where shortening occurs *Functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction
Includes: Z line, M line, H zone, A band, I band

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

storage site for calcium

transverse tubules

extend from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle Contraction/ Sliding Filament Theory

Muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of
the actin filament over the myosin filament,
which results in a reduction of Z line to Z line of
sarcomere.
This results in a formation of cross-bridges
between actin and myosin filaments (power
stroke)
Figure

Excitation- Contraction Coupling

sequence of events in which a nerve
impulse (action potential) reaches the muscle
membrane and leads to muscle shortening by
cross-bridge activity.

2 Steps of EXCITATION

1. Action potential in motor neuron causes
release of acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.
2. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on motor
end plate, leads to depolarization that is
conducted down transverse tubules, which
causes release of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR).

5 STEPS OF CONTRACTION

1. At rest, myosin cross-bridges in weak binding state.
2. Ca+2 binds to troponin, causes shift in tropomyosin to uncover active sites, and cross-bridge forms strong binding state.
3. Pi released from myosin, cross-bridge movement occurs. (Pi=inorganic phosphate)
4. ADP released from myosin
5. ATP attaches to myosin, breaking the crossbridge
and forming weak binding state.

Muscle Fatigue

Decrease in muscle force production and characterized by a reduced ability to do work

Contributing Factors to Muscle Fatigue: High Intensity

accumulation of H+, ADP, Pi, and free radicals.
*Result: Deprivation of muscle homeostasis and impairs force production.

Contributing Factors to Muscle Fatigue: Long-Duration Exercise

*Muscle Factors:
Accumulation of free radicals
Electrolyte imbalance
Glycogen depletion
*Central Fatigue:
Reduced motor drive to muscle from CNS

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

Fast Fibers:
type IIx
type IIa
Slow Fibers:
type I

Type IIx Fibers

Fast-Twitch fibers
fast glycolytic fibers
non oxidative metabolism

Type IIa fibers

Intermediate fibers
fast-oxidative glyoclytic fibers

Do Fast fibers exert more force than slow fibers?

YES!!
*Maximal force per cross sectional area
-10-20% higher in fast fibers (IIa, IIx) compared to slow fibers(types I)
-Force production related # of myosin cross bridge.
~Fast fibers contain more cross bridges per cross sectional area

Distance runners: more Slow fibers or Fast fibers?

SLOW FIBERS

Sprinters: more Slow fibers or Fast fibers?

FAST FIBERS

Non-athletes: more Slow fibers or fast fibers?

EQUAL

Hyperplasia

number of muscle fibers

Muscle Atrophy: Initial Atrophy

due to reduction in muscle protein synthesis

Muscle Atrophy: Subsequent Atrophy >2 days

due to increased muscle protein breakdown

Is atrophy permanent?

NO! Can be reversed by returning the muscle to 'normal' use
*Resistance exercise is extremely important

Isometric Contraction

Application of force without joint movement

Isotonic Contraction

variable resistance exercise/ movement of body parts
eg- nautilus equipment

Dynamic: concentric

muscle SHORTENING

Dynamic: Eccentric

muscle LENGTHENING

2 types of hypertrophy

1) Transient
2) Chronic Hypertrophy

Transient Hypertrophy

increased muscle size that develops during and immediately following a sigle exercise bout. *Why someone looks bigger right after exercise, but the sixe goes away in an hour or so...
-Results from fluid accumulation/edema in the interstitial spaces of muscle and only lasts a short time

Chronic hypertrophy

increase in muscle size that occurs with long-term resistance training. actual structural changes in the muscle from an increase in size of muscle fibers or increase in number of muscle fibers.

How is it an individual can lift more weight but not get bigger?

increase # of motor units

DOMS

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
*Microscopic tears in muscle fibers/connective tissues
*Result: pain within 24-48 hours after strenuous exercise

Steps leading to DOMS

-Strenuous muscle contraction (eccentric) results in muscle damage
-Membrane damage occurs
-Calcium leaks out of SR and collects in mitochondira *Inhibits ATP production
-Results in inflammatory process
-edema and histamine stimulate pain receptors

Homeostasis

maintenance of a constant or unchanging 'normal' internal environment during unstressed conditions

Steady State

constant internal environment
Balance achieved between the demands placed on the body and the body's response to those demands (EX-exercise)

pWhat happens to mean pressure when arterial pressure fluctuates?

Mean pressure REMAINS CONSTANT

Biological control system

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

Sensor/ Receptor

Detects changes in variable

Control Center

HYPOTHALAMUS; assesses input and initiates response; center to integrate response

effector

changes internal environment back to 'normal'
PRODUCES DESIRED EFFECT

Negative Feedback

response of central system is negative/opposite of stimulus
reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis
**99% of items in our body work on negative feedback!

Positive Feedback

Response increases the original stimulus

About this deck

By: shannon kelly
Created: 2011-04-16
Size: 144 flashcards
Views: 31

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis