Midterm 103

observable markers. corresponds with symptoms, sometimes the two don't match up

what the patient reports. (ex. hearing voices)

signs plus symptoms

syndrome plus course

prognosis, treatment implications, possible prevention, leagal reasons (pleading insanity), financial reasons

phenotypic and genotypic 

signs, symptoms, course, outcome, response to treatment

signs, symptoms, course of illness, age of onset, family hisotry, recent events, recent behavior, psychological tests, lab tests

abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. . Discovery that syphilis led to general paresis with physical and mental symptoms, including paralysis and delusions. 

chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological caused by fear, love, disappointment and other events

irreversible disorder with both physical and mental symptom

reveals the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population. Descriptive studies- goal is to describe the incidence or prevalence of a disorder without trying to predict or explain when or why it occurs. Identifies groups at risk of certain disorders

total number of cases in the population during a given ptime period; includes both existing and new cases

number of new cases that emerge during a given period of time

nature manipulates the IV and the experimenter observes effects. study the psychological effects of unusual and unpredicatable events (floods, earthquake). Cannot be repeated

lab participants behave in ways that seem to resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments on participants in ope of shedding light on the real life abnomality. Animals testing 

set of questions and observations that systematically evaluate the clients awareness, orientation with regard to time and place, attention spanc, 

COG- pervasive sadness, guilt, feelings or worthlessness, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, be better off dead

depression may be triggered by a major loss. Childhood needs were not met 

weight gain, carbohydrate binging, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis, attention seeking,

longer lasting but less disabling pattern of unipolar depression. When disorder leads to major depressive disporder, called double depression. 

each depression increases the risk of later depression, regardless of life stress. risk factors= genetic predisposition, personal loss, prolonge

1) grief (delayed mourning, developing replacement relationships

-neurotransmitter theories

reductions of brain-derived neurotrophic Factor and other growth factors. Altered levels of activity in the limbic system, prefrontal area, and other brain regions, observable by neuroimaging. Increased levels of neurosteroid hormones, which promote neuronal death and glial cell damage

adults- one is no better than the other, adolescence- both are preferred

get depressed in the winter- use light to make them happy. Places that get less sun than other places of the world- very sensitive to drop in melatonin secretons that occur during the longer days of summer- light thereapy- exposure to extra amounts of artificial light throughtout winter- taking winter vacations in a sunny place

A combination of cognitive and drug therapy may be much more helpful to depressed teenagers than either treatment alone 

-higher levels and activity of norepinephrine- levels ten to be higher than that o

lithium carbonate- strong anti-manic and anti-suicude but weak andtidepressant. It is the best anti-mnic depr medication

psychotherapy

-occurs in 1% of children as early as infancy, manifested by mood instability, hyper-sexuality, pressured speech, racing thoughts, impaired judgment, delusions and hallucinations. Extremely eurphoric and hyped up or may be compleelty despondent and miserable. About half become adult bipolar disorder, typically a 10 year lag between occurrence of first signs/symptoms and onset of treatment. *often confused with ADHD due to shared symptoms of distractibility and hyperactivity 

ADHD, drug or alcohol abuse, may ignore manic/depressive episodes and only diagnose it as one or the other, phobias, sleep disorders

hyperthoidism, inner ear disease, angina pectoris (chest pain), hypoglyce

all treatments are complicated by avoidance behavior

habit control (cofee, stimulant medications)

most common anxiety disorder- social avoidance

-abnormally low activity of serotonin, abnormal functioning in regions of the brain

-Tourettes, Anxiety, Tics, Bulimia, Body Dysmorphic Disorder (obsessive concern about appearance and body parts, and compulsive acts-half are delusional) 

-Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections