midterm #2
Psychology 202 with Coffey at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Molly Appleman
Textbook:
Psychological Science (Third Edition)
The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales
Created: 2010-03-09
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 40
Textbook:
Psychological Science (Third Edition) The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical TalesCreated: 2010-03-09
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 40
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Learning
An enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
Classical conditioning
A type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to induce a reflexive response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response.
Operant conditioning
A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future.
? Example experiment
measuring dog’s saliva
Unconditioned response (UR)
A response that does not have to be learned (reflex).
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that induces a response without any prior learning (such as a reflex).
Conditioned response (CR)
A stimulus that induces a response only after learning has taken place.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A response that has been learned.
Behaviorism
Promoted objective observation of overt behavior as the only valid indicator of psychological activity
Acquisition
The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
Extinction
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following presentation of the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus generalization
Occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
Stimulus discrimination
A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
? TREATMENTS
Counter conditioning and Systematic Desensitization
Phobia
An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of the object.
Consequences of behavior determine its survival
R MODEL : STIMULI AND RESPONSE observable
Systematic Desensitization (SD)
a ?cognitive-behavioral? method of treatment for phobias using the principle of ?counter conditioning?.
Rescorla-Wagner Model
A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected.
ALBERT BANDURA?S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
O-R MODEL : STIMULI, ORGANISMIC EVENTS, AND RESPONSE
Law of Effect
By studying cats? attempts to escape from a puzzle box, Thorndike was able to formulate his general theory of learning?that any behavior leading to a ?satisfying state of affairs? will more likely occur again, while any behavior leading to an ?annoying state of affairs? will less likely occur again.
S-R MODEL
STIMULI AND RESPONSE ? observable
Shaping
A process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
Seemed to prove that direct reinforcement and punishment is unnecessary for learning?that we do not need to be shaped directly, our behavior is influenced by observational learning/cognitive processes.
F. SKINNER?S FORMAL LEARNING THEORY based on Thorndike?s Law of Effect
S-O-R MODEL
STIMULI, ORGANISMIC EVENTS, AND RESPONSE
? Experiment
revealed the influence of modeling of aggressive behavior
Experiment
revealed the influence of modeling of aggressive behavior
Reinforcer
A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Positive reinforcement
The increase in the probability of behavior’s being repeated following the administration of a stimulus
Negative reinforcement
The increase in the probability of behavior’s being repeated following the removal of a stimulus
Positive punishment
Punishment that occurs with the administration of a stimulus and thus decreases the probability of a behavior reoccurring
Negative punishment
Punishment that occurs with the removal of a stimulus and thus decreases the probability of a behavior reoccurring
Continuous reinforcement
A type of learning in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
Ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs
Interval schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is available after a specific unit of time
Fixed schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is constantly provided upon each occurrence
Variable schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is applied at different rates or at different times
Partial-reinforcement extinction effect
The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement
Behavior modification
The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones
Cognitive map
A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment
Latent learning
Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement
Meme
A unit of knowledge transferred within a culture
Observational learning
Learning that occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behavior
Modeling
The imitation of behavior through observational learning
Vicarious learning
Learning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for performing the action
Mirror neurons
Neurons that are activated during observation of others performing an action
Habituation
A decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli
Sensitization
An increase in behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimulus
Long-Term potentiation (LTP)
The strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated
Memory
The nervous system’s capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge
Change Blindness
The common failure to notice large changes in environments
Retrieval
The act of recalling stored information to use it
Modal Memory Model
The three-stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory
Memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form
Short-term Memory (STM)
A limited-capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period
Long-term Memory (LTM)
The relatively permanent storage of information
Working Memory (WM)
An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use.
Chunking
Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
Serial Position Effect
The ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle.
Implicit memory
The system underlying unconscious memories
Explicit memory
The processes involved when people remember specific info
Declarative memory
The cognitive info retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
Episodic memory
Memory for one?s personal past experiences
Semantic memory
Memory for knowledge about the world
Procedural memory
A type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
Prospective memory
Remembering to do something at some time in the future
Schema
hypothetical cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process, and use information
Retrieval Cue
Anything that helps a person remember
Encoding Specificity Principle
Any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience
Consolidation
hypothetical process involving the transfer of contents from immediate memory into long-term memory
Reconsolidation
Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval
? Treatment
Similar to Phobia treatments… counter conditioning
Spatial Memory
Memory for the physical environment
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma
Transience
The pattern of forgetting over time
Proactive Interference
When prior info inhibits the ability to remember new info
Retroactive Interference
When new info inhibits the ability to remember old info
Blocking
Temporary inability to remember something that is known
Absentmindedness
The inattentive/shallow encoding of events
Amnesia
Deficits in long-term memory that result from disease/injury/trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
condition in which people lost past memories
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to form new memories
Flashbulb Memories
Vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising/emotional arousing event
Source Misattribution
Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the circumstances involved with a memory
Cryptomenesia
type of misattribution; when a person thinks they have come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to identify the source
Suggestibility
Development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information
Confabulation
false recollection of episodic memory
Memory Bias
changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs
Need
State of biological/social deficiencies
Need Hierarchy
Maslow?s arrangement of needs
Self-actualization
State that is achieved when one?s personal dreams/aspirations have been attained
Arousal
psychological activation; increased brain activity, sweating, muscle tension
Drive
Psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs
Homeostasis
Tendency for bodily functions to maintain at equilibrium
? Optimal Arousal
in proportion to the amount of deprivation; the more you do things the more likely they are to become habits
Incentives
External stimuli that motivate behaviors
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity rather than a goal/purpose
Need to Belong Theory
The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes
Sexual Response Cycle
pattern of responses during sexual activity
Sexual Strategies Theory
Evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in their relationship partners because of gender-specific adaptive problems
EMOTIONAL REACTIONS INCLUDE
Subjective mental states, impulses to act and relate behavior, profound bodily changes
? James-Lange Theory
emotion is the result of perceiving specific patterns of bodily responses
Emotion
feelings that involved subjective evaluation/physiological processes/beliefs
? WHY
It’s how our brains are wired
Display Rules
rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations
Somatic markers
bodily reactions that arise from emotional evaluation of an action
? Can people become more cerebrally Left-active
[Dalai Lama]
Primary Emotions
evolutionary adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures
Secondary Emotions
blends of primary emotions; include remorse, guilt, anticipations, and submission
Self-Awareness (knowing how you?re behaving) Self-Soothing (calming yourself down) Self-Motivation Empathy (how other people relate) Effective Relating
- Emotions are complex reactions fully integrated with the whole of psychological existence
- Emotions are rooted in neurobiological processes that are integrated with how we learn, remember, think, behave, and experience the world and ourselves
- Emotions and emotional learning are key to our level of health and adaptation
Health psychology
The field of psychological science concerned with the events that affect physical well-being
Well-being
A positive state that included striving for optimal health
Biopsychosocial model
A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
Placebo effect
Treatment unrelated to the particular problem of the person who receives it, may make the recipient feel better because the person believes the drug or treatment is effective
Stress
pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match/exceed an organism?s abilities to respond
Stressor
environmental event/stimulus that threatens
Coping response
response to avoid/escape from/minimize an aversive stimulus
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
biological system responsible for the stress response
Flight-or-Fight response
response on dealing with danger
Tend-and-Befriend response
female?s tendency to protect/care for offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat
Oxytocin
hormone important for mothers in bonding to newborns
Lymphocytes
white blood cells (B cells/T cells/NK cells) that make up immune system
Immune system
body?s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms
Type A Behavior pattern
behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience with others
Type B Behavior pattern
behavior characterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior
Allostatic load theory of illness
when people are continually stressed, they are unable to return to bodily states that characterize normal stress levels
Primary appraisal
part of the coping process; involves making decisions about a stimulus (is it stressful/benign/irrelevant?)
Secondary appraisal
part of the coping process; people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors
Emotion-focused coping
people try to prevent having emotional response to stress
Problem-focused coping
people take direct steps to confront stress
Body mass index (BMI)
ratio of body weight to height, measures obesity
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder; excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat
Bulimia nervosa
eating disorder; dieting, binge eating, and purging
Social integration
quality of a person?s social relationships
Buffering hypothesis
idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events
Optimism
important variable mediating situations and individual interpretations of situations
Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) & Seligman?s web-based therapy exercises
- Obituary/Biography
- Active/Constructive Responding
- Savoring
- Think of Blessings
- Gratitude Visit
? Assessing gratitude/relationship
free response, rating scales, attributional measures, behavioral measures, and personality assessments
About this deck
By: Molly Appleman
Textbook: Psychological Science (Third Edition)
The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales
Created: 2010-03-09
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 40
Textbook:
Psychological Science (Third Edition) The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical TalesCreated: 2010-03-09
Size: 141 flashcards
Views: 40
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis