Midterm 2
Anthropology 202 with Stewart at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
By: jennie butcher
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 49 flashcards
Views: 24
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 49 flashcards
Views: 24
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Sex
Biologically determined through chromosomes.
Reproductive Strategies:Evolutionary Perspective
Males:
Sire lots of offspring (ex, large testicles or sexual displays)
Try to prevent other males from doing the same thing
Females:
Alerting males to receptivity (ex, estrus: genital swelling)
Ensuring the survival of offspring (choose best mate)
Reproductive Strategies: Cross cultural perspective
Males:
Polygyny common
Infidelity common
Females:
Careful selection of fathers
Rely on female friends and family members to raise offspring
Gender
Cultural and Socially constructed views on sex. Universal basis for organizing group activities and allocating roles to individuals.
Gender Roles
Rights and duties individuals have b/c of their perceived gender category.
Consanguine
people who are related at birth.
Affine
Ones related by marriage.
Kin groups
Social groups based on kin relationships
Nuclear family
A married couple with children
Extended Family
Group related to the nuclear family
Household
People living within the same house
Three Functions of marriage
(1) Form social bonds needed for child-bearing
(2) Define rights and obligations
(3) Creates new alliances and relationships
Functions of Families
(1) Humans are dependent on adult-care for many years
(2) Provides physical and emotional needs of children
Traditional definition of marriage
A union between a man and woman who bear legitimate children
Implications of marriage
(1) One man and one woman
(2) Goal of procreation
(3) Nuclear Family
Problems with definition of marriage
(1) Denies same sex/plural marriages
(2) Denies non-traditional marriage (ex, Nuns being married to God)
(3) No such thing as illegitimate children
(4) Insists on a sexual relationship between partners
(5) Non-nuclear family
Marriage Rules
(1) Governed by rules of society
(2) Identify who is acceptable for marriage
(3) Identify who is not acceptable for marriage
Exogamous Rules
Rules prohibiting individuals to marry among their own group or category. Related to conversation of Incest
Exogamous Rules and Incest
(1)Innate Repulsion (unlikely)
(2) Biological Degradation
(3) Familiarity breeds disinterest
(4) Does not form social alliances
Endogamous Rules
Rules requiring individuals to marry members of certain social groups or categories
This is informally practiced in all cultures
Four Possibilities for Spouses
(1) Monogamy
Forms of Polygamy:
(2)Polygyny
(3)Polyandry
(4) Group marriages
Monogamy
Relatively rare (25% of world population)
Also rare among primate species
Polygamy
One individual with multiple spouses in order to gain physical [sexual,procreation]
Two types: Polygyny and Polyandry
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Polygyny
Most common form of polygamy
-One individual married to multiple wives
-Not practiced by all men in a society
Where is polygyny found?
-Areas where females dominate subsistence
-Female dominated population ratio
-Females marry at a younger age
Polyandry
One individual with multiple husands
rare-- practiced by 1% of world population (Nepal, India, Tibet)
Why Polyandry occurs?
- female infanticide
-shortage of land
-Male mobility
Cohabitation
committed relationships without formalized ritual
-increasingly common in Western cultures
Patrilocal
Couples who live with or near the husband's parents
-70% of all societies
Matrilocal
Couples who live or near the wive's parents
-13% of all societies
Housing for 17% of all societies
(1) Ambilocal Residence [residence optional between husband's or wive's kin]
(2) Bilocal [couples move back and forth between both sets of parents]
(3) Neolocal [couples live apart from both sets]
(4) Avanculocal [couples live with maternal uncle of the husband]
Matrifocal Families
Mothers bear the burden of raising children economically and through nurture.
Residence patterns
Determine the family relationships that are most important and develop a strong social bond.
Households
Residence whose compostition is culturally variable but lived in by people who cooperate for some purposes and shared resources.
Patrilocal Households
Brothers live in single household with their own nuclear families and parents
Matrilocal Households
Sisters who live in a single household with their own nuclear families and parents.
Bilocal Households
Mix of families that live with families and parents.
Avunculocally
Composed of older men and the families of their sister's sons.
Marriage alliances
Relationships created between families or kin groups by intermarriage
-establishes social and economic bonds
-establishes social and economic bonds
-common among the wealthy and the elite.
Arranged marriages
Idea that who marries is important
Economics of marriage
-Exchange of goods and wealth
-bride-wealth and bride service
Bridewealth
The husband's family pays the wive's family(reimburses the family wive's family for loss of member)<gives husband's family the right to offspring
-common in patrilocal societies
-very commone (>50%)
-goods depend on culture
Bride service
Husband much work for the wive's family
2nd most common form of payment
Dowry
The wife brings her inheritence with her to the wedding
--alleviates the burden of taking on a new family member\
--very rare
Divorce
Occurs in all human cultures (varies in level of difficulty)
-Is rare among unilineal tribal societies (bridewealth gives up rights to children)
Why U.S. has highest divorce rate?
-Women no longer require the help of a partner
-culture dependent on individual and separate lives
Sororate
Widower marries the female relative of a deceased wife
Levirate
Widower marries the male relative of deceased husband
Death and marriage
In some cultures the death of husband ensures the death of the wife
-widow cannot support herself economically
-Sati (dowry death) common in rural India
About this deck
By: jennie butcher
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 49 flashcards
Views: 24
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 49 flashcards
Views: 24
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy