midterm 6

Incidence/prevelance of condition in exposed group/ incidence/prevalence of the condition inexposed group

if no one see it no one cares measure how popular study is

how many publication journals or sited

self regulation- goal state we work towards--Comporator-copmparison of current state of goal-- long graph of stages in notes

reminder -barrior=cost- outcome-avability

can and am I able to do

how and why --If why more likely

recent change

Varible through whisch one varible affect another a>b>C<B<A

ranch of medicine interested in factors that contibue to health or diease

proportion of pop that has diease at specific time

Frequency of new cases of diease during a spcific time period

self regulation- goal state we work towards--Comporator-copmparison of current state of goal-- long graph of stages in notes A- perception of reach my goals relate to info seeking D-complicated Construcal Level Theory

From absence of diease to prence of good health---defiention of health Prevention is more cost effect in long run.7000 per person 45% are chronic diease Leading casues cancer and heart diease .we can help prevent or cope with diease as Psychologist Biomedical Model Disease is result of spcific physicological cause.Pathogens, germs-infection A- there are physical cause D-ignores other important factors including prevention Biopsycholosocial Model 3 Components in biological adds emotinal A-can account for all factors affection health D- complicated Reasearch Methods Theoretical Abstract - how varivles are related Theroretical definition Empirical Data based- we can see it or observe it Operational Defintion- real world stress is stressful.but why.failing school Study Design Cross-Sectional single measure - done once Prospective/Longitudial follow people over time- ask more than once over period of time-any time or length-best but expensive and need to trust participants Retorspective ask people to recall past--what happen how did you feel in the past Correlation are two varibles related-- measures correlation coefficient based on strength and magnitidue -1-1 Positive correlation is one goes up others does as well-- negative correlation one goes up other goes down but correlation does not causeation or possible effect is outside effect Expermintal Design casual interference random assigment and maniplation of IV---Dependent and Independent varible Randomized Clinical Trails types of experimental designs--gold standard for showing causation-Problem- expensive and homogenous studies--all women or men reduces changes Problem with experimental Placibo effect-- need two groups - sham group- no effect --double blinds Almost Experimental Ex-post facto- group of ppl w same illnes compared to control- healthy group Cohourt Study-Longitudual Case Control Study- Retro Quasi experimental- participants already differ on varible of intrest-- aviablilty of food stamps can not randomis this bc of this can not infer causation.

1. effect of mind and behavior on body-
2. Health is more then physical stae and not just when you are ill

1. help in behavior-
2. Prevention of illness -smoking
3. Promotion of Health- Diet/Exercise
4. Adaptation of chronic illness--how can one survive better
5. Phycholocigical and behavioral factors in the progression of a diease

1. Behavior- Change do positive and stop negative
2. Public Health- general public not indivivduals
3. Clinical Psychology-Psychological disorder not Physical disorder

1. From absence of diease to prence of good health---defiention of health
2. Prevention is more cost effect in long run..7000 per person 45% are chronic diease
3. Leading casues cancer and heart diease ..we can help prevent or cope with diease as Psychologist

Disease is result of spcific physicological cause..Pathogens, germs-infection

1. there are physical cause
2. ignores other important factors including prevention

3 Components in biological adds emotinal

1. can account for all factors affection health
2. complicated

1. Theoretical
2. Empirical

1. Abstract - how varivles are related
2. Theroretical definition

1. Data based- we can see it or observe it
2. Operational Defintion- real world
3. stress is stressful..but why..failing school

1. Cross-Sectional
2. Prospective/Longitudial
3. Retorspective
4. Correlation
5. Expermintal Design
6. Randomized Clinical Trails
7. Problem with experimental
8. Almost Experimental
9. Considertion for behavioral intervention

single measure - done once

follow people over time- ask more than once over period of time-any time or length-best but expensive and need to trust participants

ask people to recall past--what happen how did you feel in the past

1. are two varibles related-- measures correlation coefficient based on strength and magnitidue -1-1
2. Positive correlation is one goes up others does as well-- negative correlation one goes up other goes down but correlation does not causeation or possible effect is outside effect

casual interference random assigment and maniplation of IV---Dependent and Independent varible

types of experimental designs--gold standard for showing causation-Problem- expensive and homogenous studies--all women or men reduces changes

Placibo effect-- need two groups - sham group- no effect --double blinds

1. Ex-post facto- group of ppl w same illnes compared to control- healthy group
2. Cohourt Study-Longitudual
3. Case Control Study- Retro
4. Quasi experimental- participants already differ on varible of intrest-- aviablilty of food stamps can not randomis this bc of this can not infer causation.
5. Treatment that is tested- Pharamocolgist---medical devices--behavioral intervention---can effect how you blind--almost impossible to blind behavior

1. Placebo on attention control
2. Mode of intervention--person-phone-internet-print or group and length

1. Quntiative numerical
2. Qualitative
3. Measurment- Psychological
4. Measure - Behavior
5. Measurement of Behavior/ Psychological
6. Measure Physiological
7. Measure Enviromental

Broad study-numerous people-most common

1. Descriptive-study few people in depts---4steps
2. psychological-emotions Behavioral-what we actually do Phyicolgical-system of body Enviromental- whats around you

1. measuring abilities and behavorior--Psychometrics
2. Reliabilty
3. how consistant they measuring you constant--interal consistance/correlatiion-- test/restest-- interrater
4. Validity
5. are you measuring what you say your are measuring
6. Face-question measure what its suppose to--concurrent predictive--divergent convergent--should be related

1. Diet-total calorie- nutrition- spcial diets-adherene to dietary recommendation
2. Exersice- formal work out--general physical activity
3. Sleep- self report-actigraphy--movent tells when sleep or wake-polysomnography-- brainwaves Rem

1. Self report-retro questionaires
2. Infromorant report- signifiant other/ family
3. Observer-Outside observer
4. Diaries-Record daily
5. Ecological Monmentray Assessment- record periodically throught out day or week ask question with device

Hormon-immunity-heart rate-blood pressure-BMI

1. SES-income education wealth
2. Social support
3. Neighborhood
4. Urban,suburban rural--access to resources

1. can control fro other varibles (general age)
2. effect size strenght of relationship
3. Null Hypotheseis significance testing
4. Affect by sample size and effect size

1. assuming we are wrong
2. usually no effect
3. If highly unlikely staticitaly signiicant
4. how likely we are that our results are worong

1. more people lelss variablitly
2. dont want overlap almost impossible
3. Large size more likely significant

Not using con biase results-clinical trials can be bias because you are looking for something

change based on illness

1. .7 exposed less likely to die
2. look out groups that are exposed and ones that are not likely at the same time

Probability

1. specificity= P -/+ dont have diease
2. positive Predict value- P have the diease
3. Negative Predict Vaule= P dont have diease -/+
4. Positive = have the diease but get a negative or Have the diease get positve result

1. 1000 all togther 900 without diease 100 have diease
2. 90/100 = sen
3. 890/900= specif
4. 90/90+10=PPV
5. 890/890+10= NPV

10+ 90+ 10-

1. Lay press articles-Scientice Daily MSN-reguarl news
2. Types of scientic journals
3. case studies- letters to editor -research report-review/Meta-anaylsis
4. Intro-Methods-Results-Discussion

1. systematical-search for everone on topic
2. unsystematica- random thoughts

1. Depends on qualities of studies
2. file drawer problem- pulbication bias-no results can not be publish
3. correlation/obervational-what is in the literature
4. Single Study if no one see it no one cares measure how popular study is
5. Impact factor = how many publication journals or sited
6. Citation -look for how manyu citiation it has

1. Expertancy -probablilty
2. value- objective worth
3. Derirablitly -Expectancy X-value

1. Expectany Probability
2. Utility subjective worth
3. Resireablity- expectatiopn x-ulitity

1. Percieved Susceptaibility -probability
2. Percieved serviverty- - impairment
3. Percieved Benifits- good consequences
4. Percieved barrior- control cost
5. Health Motivation-derire to maintain good health
6. Cues to action-change behavior

1. Adve- Accounts for a lot of factors
2. Disad- no direction of how factors interacts and affect each other- factors only weakly correlates to behavior

1. Attitude-own evaluation of behavior
2. Social Norm- generally agree on evaluation of behavior
3. Perceived contribute
4. all these come together create change

1. Cognitivve process used for self regulation- Health Behavior
2. Peiprosal Determinism- Action result of ineraction of behavior enivorment and person factor

1. Self Efficacy -ability to carry out on action affect by
2. Out come Expectances

1. mastory expereince- own experiance
2. vicarious experiences- watching ability
3. verbal persussion
4. Physiological arousal-sweating hearth beat

1. situation- does the situation allow for the outcome
2. Action-can the action result in the outcome
3. pedicts adherence
4. may be too complicatied / self efficancy is most important

Carver & Scheier =self regulation- goal state we work towards--Comporator-copmparison of current state of goal-- long graph of stages in notes

1. perception of reach my goals relate to info seeking
2. complicated

1. Construct-abstract or concret conceptalization
2. Time affect of construal
3. Different level of constual are associated with different value at different times --one time you feel this way but the next time you were further then last time towards your goal.

1. Health belief- reminder -barrior=cost- outcome-avability
2. Theory Planned
3. Social- can and am I able to do
4. Feedback
5. Construal Level - how and why --If why more likely

how do I feel, how do others feel Can I get them

goal is this- I can do this

1. Classical Condition-assocaiton- Dogs
2. Poerant Conditions--Positive/ Negative reinforcementconsequences

1. Goal Intention - purpose of action
2. Implementaion intention- plans to achieve goals
3. Think of specifics for plns to achieve goals increase concordence between goals and behavior
4. DVIC or Pt consult

1. very specific -goals will lead to habit
2. example- Martin Sheran - Randomized young women for birthcontrol

1. get them to ask before the use of and were more stable
2. alot of evidence support imporantence of planning
3. need to be tesed in health psych- constural level theory

1. Stage of change
2. Precontemplation-not thinkging about change
3. Contemplation-thinking about change
4. Preparation-Perparing to change
5. Action-just change behavior
6. maintaince-continue new behavior
7. Relapes-return to pervious behavior
8. its a circle

1. intuition-empiecal evidence
2. Vague what exactly happens in each stage and how do people move b/w stages

expantancy you will get want xvalue but we do not accurately estimate the probability value is not linear