Midterm (chapters 1-7)

LOA

direction or level of causation. Systemic (structural and process) Individual, foreign policy, domestic. Location from which causes of events originate

ideal types

simplified characterizations of theories that identify most important aspects

Systemic (structure) LOA

relative position of one country vs. another

systemic (process) loa

interactions between countries.

foreign policy

links domestic and systemic process concerns. loa btw systemic process and domestic levles where foreign policy officials actually make decisions

realist perspective

Anarchy defines state of international system
self-help behavior
power influences all decisions
defensive

act only to preserve security

offensive

act proactively to keep another from gaining equal power

zero-sum, relative gains

individual loa

individuals/small groups make decisions and cause events using ideas, institutions, power

domestic loa

focuses on features of country as a whole (capitalist econ. system, nationalist ideology) from which the causes of R, L or I perspective come

systemic loa

causes come from positioning/interaction of states in the international system

liberal perspective

focuses on relationships, negotiations, institutions.

path dependency

communication

trade/transactions/exchanges

mutually beneficial things - environment, econ, pandemics,

identity perspective

causes come from ideology or identity

ideas define identity of people and motivate their use of power, negotiations.

critical theory

can't isolate one cause

focus on marginalized parties.

trends; social and political change that unfolds w/in history

broad critiques of IR, advocated radical solutions (revolution) generally speaking

rationalist methods

usually employed by R and L perspectives, sometimes I

assumes causation (a leads to b) by sequences

constructivist methods

sometimes used by I perspective

pay attention to way meaning is formed through language, discursively

events as mutually causing one another (slave-master relationship)

emphasize ideas, such as word content/social discourse over institutions or power)

process tracing

examining events in detail to identify C&E

counterfactual reasoning

to test the claim "A caused B," it asks "if A had not occured, would B have happened?"

advantages of each Perspective

Realist- in situations of great threat to maintain security

Liberal- finding ways to cooperate, to move forward

Identity- distinguishing btw potential allies/enemis (?)

ethics and morality

standards fo good conduct for human behavior

-relativism vs. universalism, pragmatism

relativism

truth, morality are relative to each culture. Live and let live.

universalism

truth and morality are universal, on standard should be applied (view relativism as slippery slope)

pragmatism

morality is proportionate to what is possible; do best with it in any given circumstance

Prisoner's Dilemma

highlights realist perspective by showing that it is sometimes/often not rational to cooperate

zero sum

situation where that which one actor gains, the other loses.

realist

non zero sum

situations in which all parties can gain

identity

the ideas that shape an entity's sense of self.

anarchy

decentralized distribution of power in the international system

no hegemons

no leader/center of authority has power and legitimacy to use it

self-help

principles of self-defense that arise from situation of anarchy.

states have no one to rely on to defend their security except themselves

states

largest actors in contemporary international system that can legitimately use military force

power

material capabilities of a country- population, territory, military strenght, economic capabilities

geopolitics

focus on country's location and geography as basis of its national interests

security dilemma

when states aim to defend themselves and, in turn, threaten security of another state. (arms races)

balance of power

the process by which states aim for equilibrium of power

bandwagoning

the aligning of states with a greater power to share the spoils of dominance

power balancing

school of realism that sees hegemony as destabilizing and making war likely.

hegemony

when one country is more powerful than all other

hegemon

the dominant power

hegemonic stability

stability provided by hegemon rather than through balance of power

power transition

school of realism that sees war most likely when a rising power challenges a declinging one and the two approach equilibrium.

looks to future to see instability

polarity

number of states holding significant power in the international system

uni, bi, tri, multipolar

Preemptive war

attack on a country that is preparing to attack you (i.e. Israel 1967 when Egyptian forces assembled in Sinai peninsula and Israel struck first)

Preventive war

attack against a country not preparing to attack you but growing in power and may attack in the future

path dependence

when cooperation to solve initial problems creates further problems that require expanded cooperation

once a country starts on a certain path, it accumulates advantages/disadv.s along that path

reciprocity

states engaging in behavior that entials interdependent benefits/disadvantages

interdependence

mutual dependence of states and nonstate actors in international system through trade, conferences, tourism

modernization

self-contained, autarchic, agrarian --> specialized and interdependent

NGOs (Non Governmental Orgs)

nonstate actors not subject to governmental control (student, professional associations)

civil society

the non-governmental sector of society

transnational relations

relations among NGOs and NG authorities

human security

focus on violence/security at small levels, particularly against women/minorities.

deterrence

preventing attack by threatening relatiation against potential attacker

Minimum- only requires few nukes that can survive initial attack and then be deployed.

Extended- extending deterrence to defend other countries, not just your own

disarmament

mutual reduction of arms

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

formal international orgs established by governments

international institutions

formal international orgs and informal regimes that establish common rules to regularize contacts (type of IGO)

global governance

various international institutions/great powers groups that help govern the global economy

international regimes

network of international institutions

international law

customary rules and codified treaties under which international organizations operate; political, econ, social rights

collective goods

exist for everyone, cannot be appropriated, not zero sum.

clean air, global warming,

emphasized byliberal

preponderance of power

aggregation/pool of the military power of all states

collective security

common institutions/rules among states to settle disputes peacefully, through preponderance (not balance) of power

absolute vs. relative gains

(liberal vs. realist)

total gain over what each had before vs. what one state gains relative to another.

diplomacy

discussion/negotiation btw states

legitimacy

right to use power in international affairs

values

ideas that express deep moral convictions

norms

ideals that govern procedural/substantive terms of state behavior, i.e. reciprocity or human rights

substantive vs. procedural

construction of identities

process of discourse by which actors determine who they are and how they behave toward one another

social contstructivism

I perspective in which states acquire their identies through discourse; who they are is relative to other states/entities.

as opposed to: agent-oriented

agent-oriented constructivism

I perspective which allows for greater influence on part of actors in shaping identities

distribution of IDs

relative relationship of IDs among actors in the international system

internal ID

domestic ID

external ID

international dimension of state's ID, determined by historical and external relationships with other states

relative IDs

contrast's states IDs with others', similar or dissimilar?

shared IDs

IDs that overlap based on norms that cannot be traced back to specific IDs or their interrelationships

soft power

attractiveness of the ideas of a country

McD's, MTV,

belief systems

ideas about how the world works that influence behavior of policy makers

Marxism

theory that emphasizes conflictual relationship btw capitalism and communism in international system (leading to triumph of communism)

also sees permament revolution on part of working class until all bourgeois are gone

feminism

critiques IR as male dominated and centered

deconstructivists

type of postmodernist, seeks to deconstruct social reality adn show that all politics conceals the exercise of power through words and discourse

failed states

states whose domestic systems have broken down (somalia)

rogue states

states that seek to acquire nukes iwth intent of passing them on to nonstate terrorists (north Korea)

empire

configuration of government where a hegemon consolidates power, primarily through conquest

equilibrium

distribution of econ or political power in which diff parts of the world interact on decentralized basiis

Roman Empire

218 BCE-116 CE

Golden Age of Islam

632 through -1200 CE

Egypt and Mesopotamia

3000 BCE

Alexander the Great, classical greek culture

350 BCE, 400-300s BCE

Hindu dynasty

1500 BCE

Shang Dynasty

1500 BCE china

Ch'in Dynasty

200 BCE

Sui, Tang, Sung dynasties

600-throgh 1200 ce

aztec and incan empires

americas, 1400s thru 1500s

japanese isolation thru Tokugawa

1600s-1800s

thirty years war

1618-1648, europe (modern germany)

Napoleanic Wars

1792-1815 ce, france/europe

german unification

1871 ce

treaty of westphalia

1648, settled 30 yrs war, religious plurality and territorial soverignty

treaty of utrecht

1713, helped end war of spanish succession, preserved european system as balance of power

HRE

900-1700 ce, modern germany

city-leagues

collections of city-states united for protection or trade

hanseatic league

city-states

cities controlled by sovereign governments

venice, florence, genoa, milan

territorial states

highly centralized administrations, consolidated feudal authorities,, asserted independence from HRE. emeging in late 10th century

raison d'etat

principle of national interest/what state or regime requires

sovereignty

states yields to no other authority in matters of religion or power

Reformation

1500s, start of protestantism, Martin Luther accuses Church of corruption

Martin Luther

95 thesis, 1517, accuses church, launches reformation/protest-antism

Counter Reformation and 30 years war

HREmporer retalited against reformation, wars demolished villages and people of europe

Louis XIV

Sun king, wanted France to be european hegemon, attacked netherlands and such, war of spanish succession ensued, ended with treaty of Utrecht

congress of vienna

1814-1815, shaped europe by setting up the Concert of Europe

concert of europe

system of conferences among great powers in early 1800s to manage the balance of power

quintuple alliance

formed in 1818 when France joined the quadruple alliance, Britain,Russia, Prussia, Austria, which was established by concert of europe

nationalism

sentiment that sees nations as core unit of identity (1800s)

nation-states

states defined by fusion of masses and the state. (1800s on)

buckpassing

free-riding strategy wherein one country allows others to fight conflicts while it stays on sidelines

exogenous variables

factors that come from without model or system and cannot be explained by system (i.e. identities for realist and liberal perspectives )

Holy alliance

proposed by Tsar Alexander to reconstruct christian community of Westphalia. ultimately only signed by prussia, russia, austria (conservatives) in 1815

capitalism

system that concentrates econ and social power in hands of bankers and corporations, exploiting labor of workers and famers (marxist definition)

world theories

designed to update marxism, explaim how colonialism reinforced capitalism (mercantilism) and enabled capitalism to survive by expliting peripheral countries

similarities btw. period of warring states and peloponnesian wars

-similar time period (400 BCE)

-both intrastate

-both resulted in strongly centralized power (Ch'in and AtheGreat)

Zollverein

customs union inn 1830s that lowered trade barriers btw prussia and german states, facilitating industrial exploooosion

led to rise of german power pre-WWI

power conversion

capacity of a country to convert wealth to military power

Triple Entente

agreement in 1907, great Britain and france and Russia (expansion of the entente cordial) accounting for 50% of European wealth at the time.

triple alliance

Germany and Austria hungary and, later, Italy

Schlieffen plan

germany's plan (official in 1913) that called for attack on france by way of belgium, followed by attack on russai

militant nationalism

form of nationalism rising in 1800s focusing on differences (cultural and racial) advocating aggressive approach to IR

liberal nationalism

focusing on political ideologies, caller for wider participation in rule of law (domestic and internationally)

socialist nationalism

sought greater econ quality and justice

cult of the offensive

belief in offensive military power

social darwinism

emerged in 1800s, worldview that claimed that there exists a struggle among nations for survival of the fittest

hypernationalism

early 1900s, most prominent in GR, stirred together race and culture to heighten national cohesion

irredentism

annexation of or claim to territoyr in one state by another on historical or purported grounds of common race/ethnicity/culture

John Mearsheimer

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

realist, rejects liberal

League of Nations

founded after Paris Peach Conference in 1919; first international institution to embody the collective security approach to the use of military power

self-determination

right of autonomy for nations; they may adopt whatever substantive identity they wish

unanimity

principle in article 5 of Covenant of the League of Nations that says all nations must agree what constitutes a threat to international peace and security

Washington Naval convention and kellog-briand pact

disarmament agreements, 1921-22 and 1928

appeasement

making concessions to stronger foe bc nation is less willing to consider the use of force

chain-ganging

creation of rigid defense alliance (i.e. pre-WWI)

procedural norms

norms that govern how states interact (liberal)

substantive norms

norms that involve values states share or do not share (identity)

exceptionalism

view that a particular state (especially the united states) is distinct due to its specific history/unique institutions

genocide

systematic persecution and extermination of a group of people based on their national, ethnic, racial or religious identity.

Kennan's Long Telegram

diplomatic telegram in 1946 outlining US-Soveit conflict and arguing for containment

-focus on self improvement and containing russia (allow communism to fail)

cold war

1945-1989 (fall of Berlin wall) or 1991 (end of Soviet union)

btw US and soviet union, resulted in arms buildup, international conflicts and proxy wars

containment

US policy during cold war that checked aggressive soviet actions by military alliances

iron curtain

political, ideological, and physical separation of the soviet union from western countries during cold war

arms race

competitive buildup of arms

Potsdam conference

meeting in july 1945 among allies in which they were unable to reach agreement on unification of GR and oth erissues

Berlin Blockade

1948-1949, first physical confrontation of coldwar, stalin blocked land routes into berlin

revisionist interpretation

of origins of cold war, emphasizes american ideological/econ aggression agians soviet union and its allies

spheres of influence

contested territory divided up and dominated by great powers

Yalta Conference

wartime conference in Feb 1945 where US, SU, GB agree on unconditional surrender of GR, postwar breakdown of europe, and where US conceded soviet control in Poland

puppet govs

governments intsalled controlled/supported by foreign states/parties

proxy war

conflict sponsored by superpower elsewhere as a substitute for direct conflict

balance of terror

similar to mutally assured destruction, both sides so afraid of other's use of nukes, both avoid it

korean war

1950-1953, started by soviet approved invasion of south korea by nk. no substantive result (country divided along 38th parallel, where it was initially)

nukes

counterforce-aimed at weapons

countervalue-aimed at civilian stuff

escalation dominance

deterrence designed to force another state to choose btw escalation and compromise

massive retaliatoin

threat to unleash general nuclear war

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

dominance of offensive over defensive weapons. if you can ensure unaccaptable damage to other side, enither will attack

anti-ballistic missile treaty (ABM)

btw us and su, 1972, limiting ABMs

strongpoint deterrence vs perimeter deterrence

concentrating on central points of conflict and not spreading it to toher regions

vs

confronting disputes early in peripheral and former colonial areas and preventing them from spreading to central players in europe

domino theory

fear that if one country went voer to the other side, other countries would fall like dominoes.

nonaligned movement

india, yugoslavia, egypt. stressed neutrality and non-interference

imperial overstretch

squandering of resources by powers in proxy wars

strategic defense initiative (SDI)

star wars, space based anti-missile systems that reagan was so gung-ho about

mutually assured defense

reagan offered to share SDI technology with Russians

rollback

john foster dulles' policy in 1950s of liberating eastern european countries from moscow's control

baruch plan

proposal by US in 1946 to create UN committee to contol nukes cooperatively

détente

beginning in 1960s, FR and GR initiated diplomatic overtures to Moscow, and Western countries subsequently concluded agreements with the soveit union

Helsinki accords

agreements btw E and W concerning arms control, trade, human rights, signed by 35 nations in '75, encouraged exchanges and interdependence

peacekeeping activities

UN monitoring of cease-fires and separating combatants

peace enforcement activities

un actions compelling countries (by force or threat thereof) to follow terms of uN resolutions

Oslo Accords

series of agreements reached in 1993 between Palestin Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel calling for mutual recognition and withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza and West bank

infifada

arabic term for uprising, refers to palestinian campaigns to end Israeli occupation and oppose US policies supporting Israel

Non-Proliferation Treaty

1968- seeks to prevent spread of nukes

START- Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

meetings that ultimately lowered by 60% the number of offensive warheads and ballistic missiles held by US and russia

International court of justice

UN's main judicial institution, 15 judges elected by UN Security Council

international criminal court

permanent tribunals started in 2002 to prosecute war crimes

constitutional orders

international orders based on constitutional rules/institutions

preemtion

attacking challengers before they attack you, blurs with preventative war when preparations of challengers is not readily visible (nukes, terrorists)

asymmetric threat

exploiting technology to target peripheral vulnerabilities of larger foe

terrorism

use of violence against civilians to promote political aims

end of history

idea of Fukuyama, spread of democracy heralds ends of war based on political institutions. only remaining violent conflict will be religious, I perspective

fukuyama

end of history, democracy wins, n o more violent conflict, Identity

Samuel Huntington

Clash of Civilizations, civilizations will be highest loyalty, identity, traced fault lines of 9 major civilizations

global war on terror

military campaign to defeat nonstate terrorist groups and rogue state actors (taliban)

Sunnis

branch of Islam that identifies with the caliphs, elected successors of mohammed

shiites

identify with "renegade" group that advocated divine succession

wahhabism

rigid and puritanical form of islam

madrassas

muslim religious schools, some teach hatred and holy war toward west

ethnic groups

groups where tie is primarily defined by blood or kinship

religious sects

subgroups of a religion

federalism

decentralizing power to accomodate regional differences

constitutional solutions

resolutions to ethnic and religious conflicts that implements constitution

partition

separation of hostile groups into different states

ethnic cleansing

systematic killing/removal/persecution of religious/ethnic group with intent to take over territory of that group

elite manipulation

leaders' exploitation of people's fears to advance their own personal and group intrests

post-conflict reconstruction

activities to rebuild areas ravaged by ethnci conflict

nationhood

status acquired by states strong enough to protect their borders and command loyalty of their citizens

civic identity

ID constructed when people are willing to submit to the laws of a common gov

nation-building

how ethnic groups advance toward nationhood

ethno-national communities

groups in which national and ethnic identities overlap substantially

Midterm (chapters 1-7)

International Relations 1005 with Nau at George Washington University - Foggy Bottom Campus

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