midterm II
Zoology 101 with Steudel/thoma at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj
Sign up (free) to study this.
hydra
is a think that doesnt need an exchange surface
exchange areas have a large surface area
null
why do animals eat?
raw nutrients for cell structure. essential nutrients, replace energy spent in life activities (ATP)
what are the four main stages of food processing?
ingestion (eating), digesting (breaking down food), absorption and elimination
bulk feeder
an example is a diamondback snake
plant material is harder to chew
null
chemical digestion
enzymatic breakdown of food (carbs are broken into monosaccharides, protiens are broken down into amino acids)
amylase
breaks down starch and glycogen (the BIG BIG polysacchardie)
what does saliva consist of?
salivary amylase, mucin (lubricates food), and antibacterial agents
epiglotus
helps keep food on right track
what gives the stomach its bigger surface area?
its many folds
esophagus
squeezes food along to stomach
stomach
stores food, churns foon (mechanical), digest proteins (chemical)
gastric juice
hydrochloric acid, pepsin (protein digesting enzyme)
pesinogen
inactive form of pepsin
ulcer
lesion in stomach caused by bacteria
lots and lots of chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine
null
hormone
chemical messenger secreted by specialized cells, they act on target cells (as it travels through your body) and bind to specific receptor and activate signal-transduction pathway
leptin
appetite supressor (fat cells secrete this)
large intestine
absorbes water and excretes solid wastes, it also contains bacteria that synthesize vitamins that we need.
ruminant animals
eat plants, but don't have the enzymes to digest cellulose
why do herbivores have a longer small intestine than carnivores?
because plants are harder to digest than meat
cecum
chamber that contains microbes that can digest cellulose
gizzard
crushin grinding thing for really hard to digest stuff like insects
crop
used for storage (in just birds?) of food and it can come out of crop when they need it
all respiratory surfaces must be . .
thin (with large SA), moist (gases dissolved in water) and composed of living cells
most surfaces are . . .
richly supplied with blood vessels (EXCEPT INSECTS)
what are the challenges faced by aquatic animals?
there's less O2 present in water than in air, O diffuses slower through water than air and water is denser than air (so you need more muscle)
what are challenges faced by land animals?
desiccation (drying out-your respiratory system HAS to be moist)
emphibeans and eels are an exception to the entire outer skin ruel, they can exchange gas through their skin
null
the respiratory system has to have a high surface area so . . .
the respiratory organ/system is extensively folded or branched
spiracle
hole in animals body that air goes into
spiracle --> trachea --> tracheoles (in insects)
null
gills
the respiratory surface for most aquatic animals
operculum
protective covering for gills
ventilation
any mechanism that increases contact between respiratory medium and respiratory surface
how do fish ventilate gills?
they seim with mouth open, close their mouth/open operculum, and throat muscles (squeeze and push more H2O past their gills)
blood always HAS TO flow in direction opposite the movement of water psat the gills
null
we are endotherms
null
ectotherms
absorb external heat rather than generating their own, and low(er) O2 needs
endotherms
use heat generated by metabolism to maintain warm body temp, VERY high O2 needs, energetically costly
where does gas exchange occur in us?
tip of broncheoles
trachea --> lung --> bronchus --> bronchioles
null
alveoli
gas exchange takes place across these
why are birds more efficient at exchanging O than us?
they have a 1 way air flow i/o 2 (parabronchi i/o alveoli), and air flow is crosscurrent with blood flow (
what are the 3 main components of blood?
plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells
how much of the blood does plasma make up?
about 50%
plasma
carries some O2, CO2, waste and other soluble stuff
white blood cells
immune system
red blood cells
carry O2 and contain RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS
respiratory pigments
increase O2 carrying capacity of blood
hemoglobin
our respiratory pigment
iron helps bind up O2
null
cillia
they wave up and down, pushing dirt back up, smoking destroys them
cillia get paralyzed in whooping cough
null
3 kinds of vessels in closed circulatory systems
arteries, veins, cappillaries
arteries
carry blood AWAY from heart
veins
return blood to heart
cappillaries
convey blood between arteries and veins within each organ
atrium
chamber that accepts the blood (in 2-chambered only?)
know reasons that flow of blood slows down
null
why its slow moving
the blood leaves the heart moving fairly quickly and then it gets to the first capillary bed thats really branched so it slows down, then it gets out and then it goes through 2 more so it slows down even more??????
what is a problem with double circulation?
there's a mixing of O-rich and O-poor blood that gets delivered to tissues, so its not as oxygenated as it could be
reptiles have a partially divided ventricle **
null
no blood pressure issues with 2-chambered heart
null
4-chambered
has a speration of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
it takes A LOT more energy to be an endotherm
endotherms use 10x more energy as same size ectotherms
wiletype
normal funcioning genes
codominant
both alleles are present in the phenotype
sex-linked = x-linked
null
why do sex-linked disorders affect mostly men?
because they're hemizygous, and if an x is defective they don't have another one to compensate for it
phenotype
physical traits of an organism determined by genetic makeup. physical traits
allele
altered version of a gene
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism (what allele is present)
transduction
cascade of interactions between intracellular signaling protiens (1 protein gets activated and then activates the one next to it and so on)
oncogenes
cancer causing proto-oncogenes
proto-oncogenes
genes that encode signals, receptors, signaling molecules, control proteins
what are some ways for P-O to become O's?
point mutations and gene amplification
what are some sources of point mutations?
mistakes in DNA rep, exposure to mutagens, viruses injecting their DNA into a gene
Her2 is linked to what type of cancer?
breast cancer
Her2
type of P-O. signal binds to receptor signaling transduction pathway resulting in the turning on of genes that stimulate division and inhibit cells from dying
what can be used to shut down excess Her2?
antibodies
antibody
it recognizes and binds to specific molecules, an antibody was made that can bind to Her2 receptors
tumor supressors
proteins that inhibit cell division
what can happen to tumor supressors?
they can get mutated and override checkpointsand then invade other parts of the body
P53
helps cells decide weather to repair damaged DNA or commit cell suicide
what can HPV do to P53?
it can integrate into the host genome and destroy the p53
BRCA2
normally encodes protein that helps repair damaged DNA at G2
what happens when BRCA2 is damaged?
damaged DNA is allowed to pass through mitosis leading to breast and ovarian cancers
telomerase
enzyme that permits entire telomere to be replicated so chromosomes don't shorten (when its turned on it does this)
metastasis
cells enter bloodstream or surrounding body fluids
taxol
used in chemotherapy, prevents microtubeales from shortening
what are some solutions to living at high altitudes?
large heart and lungs, many RBCs, RBCs have high hemoglobin, hemoglobin has high affinity for O2
myglobin
O2 binding protein, intracellular O2 reservoir
what prevents blood from going backwards in our veins?
they have one way valves in them
why do we need iron?
for O2 to bind
Ss
individuals with this are sorta resistent to malaria, but they have the sickle cell allele and it gets passed on and thats why sickle cell is more common in africans
sickle cell is autosomal recesive
null
genome
all the genetic material contained in an organism
since all of our cells contain our entire genome the difference b/w them isn't genetic but . . .
epigenetic
Epigenetics
any process that alters gene activity . . . w/o changing DNA sequence . . . leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells
epigenetic modifications include addition of molecules like methyl groups (CH3)
null
how can you recognize ATP?
it has 3 phosphates
what happens when you remove the phosphates from ATP?
you get ADP
where is most ATP made?
in the mitochondria
Turner
null
Klinefelter Syndrom
null
cristae? cistea?
these give mitochondria they're huge surface area
steps of cellular respiration **
glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (makes dobs of ATP)
cytosol
where cellular respiration starts
in biological reactions H is picked up along with electrons
null
citric acid cycle = krebs cycle
null
for every glucose molecule, krebs cycle runs 2x
null
how many ATP are made in glycolosys? in krebs?
2 (in glycolysis its s net gain of 2)
FOR EACH NADH, 3 ATPs, FOR EACH FADH2 2 ATPs.
null
uncouplers
make membranes leaky so that proteins can go back and forth randomly so gradient isn't built up meaning ATP can't get madde
what is meiosis?
gamete production
zygote = fertilized
null
binary fission
how prokaryotes reproduce
fertilization produces as DIPLOID zygote
null
meiosis produces HAPLOID gametes
null
S Phase
DNA replication phase
G2
transcription and translation, then it goes onto meiosis
what are some sources of genetic variation?
crossing over and independent assortment
nondisjunction
when chroms don't sperate properly (MTs don't attach correctly so they can't pull apart correctly)
what causes down syndrome?
trisomy of chromosome 21
somatic cells
all the cells in your body that don't produce egg or sperm
Meisosis
prophase I --> metaphase I --> anaphase I --> telophase I/cytokinesis --> prophase III --> metaphase III --> anaphase II
what are parts of plasma membrane?
fluid mosaic - phospholipids (fluid), proteins (mosaic)
when does it require energy to move a protein?
when its moving UP the concentration gradient (low --> high)
aquaporins * (TA said prof likes these)
special proteins involved in pumping water
hypertonic
high amount of something
**********sperm and egg are HAPLOID ********
null
centromere
holds sister chromatids together
G1 --> S --> G2 --> M
null
G1
making proteins (transcription, translation)
growth factors
proteins that help regulate cell cycle
epigenomics studies how/when different genes are tunred on and off
null
why are male calicos so rare?
because they'd have to have three chromosomes
p53 is a tumor supressor
null
what are NAD and FAD?
they are grabber uppers
NAD + elec = NADH
FAD + elec = FADH
FAD + elec = FADH
null
glycolosis
taking glucose and breaking it into pyruvate
how many ATP does electron transport chain produce?
34
autosomes
chromosomes 1-22
homologous chromosomes
carrying same number of genes and same genes (alleles vary)
chromosome
structure that carries the genes
locus
the location of the gene
linked genes
something on same chromosome
non-linked genes **
ALWAYS have 9:3:3:1 ration
XXY
klinefelter
XO
turner syndrome
diploid is abbreviated 2n
null
3 functions of mitosis
growth, repais and replacement and asexual reproduction
centrosome
organization site for microtubials (like the scaffolding)
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj