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- Michigan
- University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
- Sociology
- Sociology 102
- Mcgann
- Midterm Review
Midterm Review
Sociology 102 with Mcgann at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: allie maron
Textbook:
Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School
Created: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391
Textbook:
Gender Play: Girls and Boys in SchoolCreated: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391
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Concepts
an idea that organizes reality. the characteristics are that they summarize examples, are abstractions, and facilitate analysis. They put things into terms or semantic differences
Social Construction
it is something that society builds, is made by humans, malleable.
Spit vs Saliva
spit is socially constructed to be looked at as something disgusting, even though in reality it is DNA which is important to a person
3 dimensions of "relativity"
(1) historical - something was a certain way in the past, but is different now (time)
(2) cross cultural - (america vs india) (space)
(3) social/intrasocial - depending on what you are, you are judged differently within society (space)
(2) cross cultural - (america vs india) (space)
(3) social/intrasocial - depending on what you are, you are judged differently within society (space)
Gender as socially constructed
the socially constructed meanings of sex; individual, social, historical, political, cross cultural significance
essentialism
having a gender is innate/unchanging based on biology, reinforces binary (male/female essential to our being) sex promotes social construction
naturalization
natural process of gender, heteronormative, sex determines gender
i.e. born a man, so natural progression to be male and heterosexual
i.e. born a man, so natural progression to be male and heterosexual
heteronormative
sex determines gender, implies everyone will grow up either male or female, no in between
Political consequences of essentialism
doesn't allow variation or stereotyping
Binary
a system of two things that are mutually exclusive and often hierarchical. Sustained by beliefs and practices. Learn there is a lot in between. Related to hierarchy because often one of the two items of a binary is thought to be on a higher level than the other
Attribute
an ascribed trait is something that you don't choose (class, race, sex)
Achieved trait
something that you obtain (education, can change class)
sex, sex category
presumably biological differences based on reproductive potential. Sex is supposedly dichotomous and unchangeable, male or female.
Incorrigible proposition
firmly fixed idea that is not easily changed (example: sex, society believes in 2 sexes, even though science proved otherwise)
Gender
cultural meaning of sex. Socially constructed: only believe masculine, feminine and meaning. Central to our culture: gender is deeply engrained in everything, omnirelevant
Baby X
relevant because it showed society's extreme obsession with having to be either one or the other
relationship between sex and gender in everyday life
both binaries, presumed that one's sex will be the same thing as their gender because they go together. shows heteronormative culture. reinforced through beliefs and practices. consequences are that it constrains society and produces stereotypes
Sexuality
refers to the realm of the erotic, reflected in behavior, identity (individual & social), and desire (fantasy)
Principle of consistency
relationship between G, S, D, if gender and sexuality match, then it should be heterosexually patterned. Related to soy because many people tend to conflate gender and sexuality as if they're the same thing. Soy is feminizing, so boys more estrogen, could lead to homosexuality
intersexuality
various mixtures of anatomical maleness and femaleness. We studied it because we strongly believe in 2 sexes, even though this proves not true. incorrigible proposition: we've been saying that you can't change 2 sexes, but science proves otherwise
hermaphrodite
one teste and one ovary
homologous organs
the organs which are different with similar purposes in males and females. penis/clitoris, teste/ovary, scrotum/labia
Genitalia
the anatomical parts of body, penis or clitoris
Gonads
ovaries and testes (reproductive)
5 sexes
herms (true, both gonad tissues)
merms (testes, some female genitalia, no ovaries)
ferms (ovaries, some male genitalia, no testes)
merms (testes, some female genitalia, no ovaries)
ferms (ovaries, some male genitalia, no testes)
true vs false hermaphrodites
true=have equal parts of both male/female, false have mixtures
causes of intersex?
hormonal, chromosomal, environmental
CAH
congenital ageno hyperplasia. XX, but horomones have masculinizing effect and big phallus
AIS
androgen insensitivity syndrome. XY, male but body develops as a female
hypospadias
XY, but urethra could be anywhere, increasing due to environment
frequency of intersex
about 2% of births, but hard to tell. It is increasing because more people are reporting it, but decreasing in visibility because more surgery
treating intersex
standard operating procedure is surgery to define. most infants are assigned to be girls.
phallometer
measures the size of the phallus to see if it should be a clitoris or a penis
intersex and sport
many times it makes it difficult for athletes to compete in male or female activities
Maria Patino
woman hurdler whose gender was challenged by the IOC through various tests, was found to have a "Y" chromosome and rejoined squad
IOC 2000
IOC suspended chromosomal tests after this came out
Transexual
individuals identify with the opposite sex of which they were born, desire to alter body to match gender identity
Science
theories, natural facts and problems, the study of something
Reason and empirical data (facts)
needs to back up your thoughts
Importance of public debate
increased objectivity to produce generalization.
Anonymous review
when findings are sent to people to be analyzed to see if legitimate or not, to see if it has scholarly press, unbiased
Journals vs magazines
Commercial vs academic presses
Commercial vs academic presses
journals and academic presses have scholarly rigor
Sociology as a science
public, open for debate, everyone has opinion
Social facts
norms of society, Durkheim's idea, external to individuals and "coercive" - constrains and facilitates
Sociology as multi-perspectival and multi-causal
society is not always as it seems. There are many different perspectives and causes for events that are explained in different ways.
Potentially liberatory
by seeing things in a different way, you can realize different things and break social facts
Sociological imagination
when you take what you think you know and put it aside to link your life with history and structure. Mills coined it
Private troubles vs public issues
Private troubles involve the individual milieu whereas public issues are institutional arrangements (example: one kid fails vs entire class)
Micro vs Macro
micro is a smaller idea/subject and macro is societal effects
Paradox of human group life
individuals make choices, but the choices are remarkably patterned. Key explanations linked are that social structure is a relatively stable framework of interactions. Culture is a shared way of life, structure, institutions.
Culture
a shared way of life. it connects us and facilitates behavior.
Nacirema
sociology, looking at our culture from a different view. culture shock. Seeing holistically: looking as an observer, we would see things differently. Norms are social rules that change and are created
Structure
it is a relatively stable framework for interaction. 3 components: individual, interactional, and institutional
Group
achieved trait is something that you obtain, ascribed trait is something that you don't choose
Status
your place within social structure
Inequality/Stratification
different levels of social structure
4 modes of inequality
gender - domination
race - discrimination
class - exploitation
nation - predation
race - discrimination
class - exploitation
nation - predation
"Enabling myths"
sexism, racism, classism, jingoism
Focal Points
where you can see the inequality most clearly
Antidotes
feminism, civil rights, economic democracy, internationalism
process
the way we follow, patterned behavior, molds to fit social structure over time. Structure guides process
institutions
basic components of society (government, family, education, medicine, sport)
institutional analysis
how we analyze, based on structure and culture. Real relations of inequality- curfew, culture explains it. Ideological justifications - explains inequality, boys are stronger and are safe at night
Stereotypes
socially constructed ideas of how someone is
Generalizations
statements regarding commonality and/or relations between phenomenon that are supported by data/evidence
Rules of method (methodology)
to make things consistent and eliminate bias
Reflexivity
looking back on what you do with an objective perspective, generalizations have to be objective
Deductive
hypothesis testing
Inductive
facts --> theory, Thorne uses it
Quantitative
stresses numbers and static structure
Qualitative
meaning and process
Specific methods
Survey, interview, social observation, content analysis
Gender as individual vs social fact
gender as individual is linked to personal attributes and ideas whereas social fact is external to individuals and either constrains or facilitates. presents real relations of inequality and explanations of fact
Gender identity
an individual's sense of gender
Gendered role
a set of expectations for behavior based on gender
Gendered personality/sexual character
a patterned way of thinking or feeling for the genders
Gendered (sexual orientation)
one's desire
Gender display
how you show your gender (physique, demeanor, appearance)
Gender division of labor
doctors vs nurses
Gender ideology
a set of ideas about gender
Gender imagery
images that hold gendered stereotypes
Gendered sexual script
normative pattern of sexual desire (what, where, with who?) and behavior for the genders
Gendered kinship
gendered relationship within your family
Gender styles
version of gender
Gendered social control
anything we do to increase conformity and/or decrease norm-breaking regarding gender norms (act like a lady)
Levels of gender as structure
individual, cultural, structural/institutional
Gender stratification
different levels, vertical division, hierarchy of gender
Gender attribution process
if named Amy, then you're going to get pink
Principle of consistency
patterned relationship between S, G, D, based on heteronormative
"believing is seeing"
you think something, so you focus on it to prove your belief. we see 2 genders, so ignor other ones. associate certain sports with certain genders.
Intersectionality
G, R, C, D interact
ethnography
a written record of people, social observation, fieldwork
adult ideological viewpoint
adults think that they are better, and that kids' problems aren't important. It construes children as passive and future-orientation
"Gender play" metaphor
soical practice (lining up), dramatic performance (bra-snapping), scope or opportunity for action=fluctuation of significance or gender (masculine boy plays with girls), and child's play=not important in scheme of things
Sex segregation vs gender separation
segregation is too rigid a title, so we say gender separation leads to gender geography
Why kids separate via gender
behavioral compatibility (develop differently), psychoanalytic process (boys are motivated to separate from moms), cognitive dynamics (innate desire to classify)
Gender geography
gender separates depending on place, rigidity varies based on location (playground vs lunchroom). influenced by age and gender separation, race and ethnicity can be more salient than gender, location, game structure, and teasing
Borderwork
helps to contextualize interaction across gender boundaries that strengthens: contests, chasing, cross-gender "pollution", and invasions
Cooties
girls supposedly have them and are acquired by touch. makes girls seem dirty or impure
Gender divide
gender separation. Crossing, barriers to crossing
"big man bias"
boys talk about each other to other boys to gain status/ knock others down
Genderism
moments in social life that evoke stereotypic beliefs and hegemonic view of gender, exaggeration of gender difference. Goffman
Performative theories of gender
boys aggressively confront girls' space, may think natural sex played out, but it is socially constructed. sometimes girls perform masculinity
gender salience
importance of gender in a situation
Magnified moment
speical moment that helps to see clearly/gender salience. stands out, metaphorically rich, elaborates, echoes
interaction, cultural symbol, structural context
interaction, cultural symbol, structural context
gender "typing"
making anything either masculine or feminine. toys: easy bake oven vs hot wheels, some overlap
Gender transgression zone
expanding gender boundaries which are constantly negotiated, gender is mixed
Gender patrolling
high status boys, do it in 4 ways: male: stigmatizing,homophobia. female: masculinizing and marginalizing
Patriarchal dividend
masculine privilege over girls, inherent privileges. held through hegemonic masculinity, these are the males doing it
pan masculine privilege
masculine privilege pans throughout everything
Homosocial relations
how boys interact together and maintain hegemonic masculinity
aggression in gender regimes
emotional detachment, competitiveness, sexual objectification, ability to get attention
Sport as gendered
it is not gender neutral, hockey vs figure skating
sport as gendering
sport is "doing" gender, helps construct gender orders. sport dramatizes gender and produces gendered people
Modern team sport
originated for white middle class men during the crisis of masculinity in the victorian Gender era
Crisis of masculinity
women gaining more power and rights, so there was a concern men/women becoming too similar. sport is masculinizing and makes men feel more power, reinforces boundaries. industrialization - men worked for other men
Spermatic economy
wasting sperm would make you more feminine
Gender order
how R, C, G, D are interconnected in society. helps us see/analyze/understand the dynamics and how social organizations interconnect as inequality and privilege
Gender regime
smaller, localized relation of gender. example: gay drag bar
Gender style
version of gender. ingredients: gendered personality, gendered sexual orientation, and gender display
hegemonic masculinity
predominant way of doing gender relations that enforce status quo (dominant boys enforce status by overemphasizing skills)
emphasized femininity
not hegemonic, "trophy wife"
resistance femininities
tomboys
hegemony
relative state of ascendancey maintained via cultural forms that produce the "consent" of the subordinated
centrality of cultural forms
convinces us that someone is the best one
Force
force can work, but also backfire --> beating up can work or show boys meanness, not incompatible with force, but force is not primary way
second curriculum of sport
hidden meaning, how to not be feminine. boys/men learn how to develop appropriate psyche/embodiment
homophobia
fear/hatred of homosexuals, prejudice
heteronormativity
think it's better that most people are heterosexual. suggest that there is something wrong/different in being homosexual and have a bias against it. doesn't intend to hurt anyone
misogyny
hating women
sport as a male preserve
all male domain where men play, compete, bond together, and affirm masculinity
flag-carrying sports
quintessentially promotes hegemonic masculinity and which a majority of people are exposed to
example: wheelchair rugby is masculine, but not prevalent
example: wheelchair rugby is masculine, but not prevalent
About this deck
By: allie maron
Textbook:
Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School
Created: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391
Textbook:
Gender Play: Girls and Boys in SchoolCreated: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj