Midterm Review

Sociology 102 with Mcgann at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

About this deck

By: allie maron
Textbook:

Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School
Created: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391

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Concepts

an idea that organizes reality. the characteristics are that they summarize examples, are abstractions, and facilitate analysis. They put things into terms or semantic differences

Social Construction

it is something that society builds, is made by humans, malleable.

Spit vs Saliva

spit is socially constructed to be looked at as something disgusting, even though in reality it is DNA which is important to a person

3 dimensions of "relativity"

(1) historical - something was a certain way in the past, but is different now (time)
(2) cross cultural - (america vs india) (space)
(3) social/intrasocial - depending on what you are, you are judged differently within society (space)

Gender as socially constructed

the socially constructed meanings of sex; individual, social, historical, political, cross cultural significance

essentialism

having a gender is innate/unchanging based on biology, reinforces binary (male/female essential to our being) sex promotes social construction

naturalization

natural process of gender, heteronormative, sex determines gender
i.e. born a man, so natural progression to be male and heterosexual

heteronormative

sex determines gender, implies everyone will grow up either male or female, no in between

Political consequences of essentialism

doesn't allow variation or stereotyping

Binary

a system of two things that are mutually exclusive and often hierarchical. Sustained by beliefs and practices. Learn there is a lot in between. Related to hierarchy because often one of the two items of a binary is thought to be on a higher level than the other

Attribute

an ascribed trait is something that you don't choose (class, race, sex)

Achieved trait

something that you obtain (education, can change class)

sex, sex category

presumably biological differences based on reproductive potential. Sex is supposedly dichotomous and unchangeable, male or female.

Incorrigible proposition

firmly fixed idea that is not easily changed (example: sex, society believes in 2 sexes, even though science proved otherwise)

Gender

cultural meaning of sex. Socially constructed: only believe masculine, feminine and meaning. Central to our culture: gender is deeply engrained in everything, omnirelevant

Baby X

relevant because it showed society's extreme obsession with having to be either one or the other

relationship between sex and gender in everyday life

both binaries, presumed that one's sex will be the same thing as their gender because they go together. shows heteronormative culture. reinforced through beliefs and practices. consequences are that it constrains society and produces stereotypes

Sexuality

refers to the realm of the erotic, reflected in behavior, identity (individual & social), and desire (fantasy)

Principle of consistency

relationship between G, S, D, if gender and sexuality match, then it should be heterosexually patterned. Related to soy because many people tend to conflate gender and sexuality as if they're the same thing. Soy is feminizing, so boys more estrogen, could lead to homosexuality

intersexuality

various mixtures of anatomical maleness and femaleness. We studied it because we strongly believe in 2 sexes, even though this proves not true. incorrigible proposition: we've been saying that you can't change 2 sexes, but science proves otherwise

hermaphrodite

one teste and one ovary

homologous organs

the organs which are different with similar purposes in males and females. penis/clitoris, teste/ovary, scrotum/labia

Genitalia

the anatomical parts of body, penis or clitoris

Gonads

ovaries and testes (reproductive)

5 sexes

herms (true, both gonad tissues)
merms (testes, some female genitalia, no ovaries)
ferms (ovaries, some male genitalia, no testes)

true vs false hermaphrodites

true=have equal parts of both male/female, false have mixtures

causes of intersex?

hormonal, chromosomal, environmental

CAH

congenital ageno hyperplasia. XX, but horomones have masculinizing effect and big phallus

AIS

androgen insensitivity syndrome. XY, male but body develops as a female

hypospadias

XY, but urethra could be anywhere, increasing due to environment

frequency of intersex

about 2% of births, but hard to tell. It is increasing because more people are reporting it, but decreasing in visibility because more surgery

treating intersex

standard operating procedure is surgery to define. most infants are assigned to be girls.

phallometer

measures the size of the phallus to see if it should be a clitoris or a penis

intersex and sport

many times it makes it difficult for athletes to compete in male or female activities

Maria Patino

woman hurdler whose gender was challenged by the IOC through various tests, was found to have a "Y" chromosome and rejoined squad

IOC 2000

IOC suspended chromosomal tests after this came out

Transexual

individuals identify with the opposite sex of which they were born, desire to alter body to match gender identity

Science

theories, natural facts and problems, the study of something

Reason and empirical data (facts)

needs to back up your thoughts

Importance of public debate

increased objectivity to produce generalization.

Anonymous review

when findings are sent to people to be analyzed to see if legitimate or not, to see if it has scholarly press, unbiased

Journals vs magazines
Commercial vs academic presses

journals and academic presses have scholarly rigor

Sociology as a science

public, open for debate, everyone has opinion

Social facts

norms of society, Durkheim's idea, external to individuals and "coercive" - constrains and facilitates

Sociology as multi-perspectival and multi-causal

society is not always as it seems. There are many different perspectives and causes for events that are explained in different ways.

Potentially liberatory

by seeing things in a different way, you can realize different things and break social facts

Sociological imagination

when you take what you think you know and put it aside to link your life with history and structure. Mills coined it

Private troubles vs public issues

Private troubles involve the individual milieu whereas public issues are institutional arrangements (example: one kid fails vs entire class)

Micro vs Macro

micro is a smaller idea/subject and macro is societal effects

Paradox of human group life

individuals make choices, but the choices are remarkably patterned. Key explanations linked are that social structure is a relatively stable framework of interactions. Culture is a shared way of life, structure, institutions.

Culture

a shared way of life. it connects us and facilitates behavior.

Nacirema

sociology, looking at our culture from a different view. culture shock. Seeing holistically: looking as an observer, we would see things differently. Norms are social rules that change and are created

Structure

it is a relatively stable framework for interaction. 3 components: individual, interactional, and institutional

Group

achieved trait is something that you obtain, ascribed trait is something that you don't choose

Status

your place within social structure

Inequality/Stratification

different levels of social structure

4 modes of inequality

gender - domination
race - discrimination
class - exploitation
nation - predation

"Enabling myths"

sexism, racism, classism, jingoism

Focal Points

where you can see the inequality most clearly

Antidotes

feminism, civil rights, economic democracy, internationalism

process

the way we follow, patterned behavior, molds to fit social structure over time. Structure guides process

institutions

basic components of society (government, family, education, medicine, sport)

institutional analysis

how we analyze, based on structure and culture. Real relations of inequality- curfew, culture explains it. Ideological justifications - explains inequality, boys are stronger and are safe at night

Stereotypes

socially constructed ideas of how someone is

Generalizations

statements regarding commonality and/or relations between phenomenon that are supported by data/evidence

Rules of method (methodology)

to make things consistent and eliminate bias

Reflexivity

looking back on what you do with an objective perspective, generalizations have to be objective

Deductive

hypothesis testing

Inductive

facts --> theory, Thorne uses it

Quantitative

stresses numbers and static structure

Qualitative

meaning and process

Specific methods

Survey, interview, social observation, content analysis

Gender as individual vs social fact

gender as individual is linked to personal attributes and ideas whereas social fact is external to individuals and either constrains or facilitates. presents real relations of inequality and explanations of fact

Gender identity

an individual's sense of gender

Gendered role

a set of expectations for behavior based on gender

Gendered personality/sexual character

a patterned way of thinking or feeling for the genders

Gendered (sexual orientation)

one's desire

Gender display

how you show your gender (physique, demeanor, appearance)

Gender division of labor

doctors vs nurses

Gender ideology

a set of ideas about gender

Gender imagery

images that hold gendered stereotypes

Gendered sexual script

normative pattern of sexual desire (what, where, with who?) and behavior for the genders

Gendered kinship

gendered relationship within your family

Gender styles

version of gender

Gendered social control

anything we do to increase conformity and/or decrease norm-breaking regarding gender norms (act like a lady)

Levels of gender as structure

individual, cultural, structural/institutional

Gender stratification

different levels, vertical division, hierarchy of gender

Gender attribution process

if named Amy, then you're going to get pink

Principle of consistency

patterned relationship between S, G, D, based on heteronormative

"believing is seeing"

you think something, so you focus on it to prove your belief. we see 2 genders, so ignor other ones. associate certain sports with certain genders.

Intersectionality

G, R, C, D interact

ethnography

a written record of people, social observation, fieldwork

adult ideological viewpoint

adults think that they are better, and that kids' problems aren't important. It construes children as passive and future-orientation

"Gender play" metaphor

soical practice (lining up), dramatic performance (bra-snapping), scope or opportunity for action=fluctuation of significance or gender (masculine boy plays with girls), and child's play=not important in scheme of things

Sex segregation vs gender separation

segregation is too rigid a title, so we say gender separation leads to gender geography

Why kids separate via gender

behavioral compatibility (develop differently), psychoanalytic process (boys are motivated to separate from moms), cognitive dynamics (innate desire to classify)

Gender geography

gender separates depending on place, rigidity varies based on location (playground vs lunchroom). influenced by age and gender separation, race and ethnicity can be more salient than gender, location, game structure, and teasing

Borderwork

helps to contextualize interaction across gender boundaries that strengthens: contests, chasing, cross-gender "pollution", and invasions

Cooties

girls supposedly have them and are acquired by touch. makes girls seem dirty or impure

Gender divide

gender separation. Crossing, barriers to crossing

"big man bias"

boys talk about each other to other boys to gain status/ knock others down

Genderism

moments in social life that evoke stereotypic beliefs and hegemonic view of gender, exaggeration of gender difference. Goffman

Performative theories of gender

boys aggressively confront girls' space, may think natural sex played out, but it is socially constructed. sometimes girls perform masculinity

gender salience

importance of gender in a situation

Magnified moment

speical moment that helps to see clearly/gender salience. stands out, metaphorically rich, elaborates, echoes
interaction, cultural symbol, structural context

gender "typing"

making anything either masculine or feminine. toys: easy bake oven vs hot wheels, some overlap

Gender transgression zone

expanding gender boundaries which are constantly negotiated, gender is mixed

Gender patrolling

high status boys, do it in 4 ways: male: stigmatizing,homophobia. female: masculinizing and marginalizing

Patriarchal dividend

masculine privilege over girls, inherent privileges. held through hegemonic masculinity, these are the males doing it

pan masculine privilege

masculine privilege pans throughout everything

Homosocial relations

how boys interact together and maintain hegemonic masculinity

aggression in gender regimes

emotional detachment, competitiveness, sexual objectification, ability to get attention

Sport as gendered

it is not gender neutral, hockey vs figure skating

sport as gendering

sport is "doing" gender, helps construct gender orders. sport dramatizes gender and produces gendered people

Modern team sport

originated for white middle class men during the crisis of masculinity in the victorian Gender era

Crisis of masculinity

women gaining more power and rights, so there was a concern men/women becoming too similar. sport is masculinizing and makes men feel more power, reinforces boundaries. industrialization - men worked for other men

Spermatic economy

wasting sperm would make you more feminine

Gender order

how R, C, G, D are interconnected in society. helps us see/analyze/understand the dynamics and how social organizations interconnect as inequality and privilege

Gender regime

smaller, localized relation of gender. example: gay drag bar

Gender style

version of gender. ingredients: gendered personality, gendered sexual orientation, and gender display

hegemonic masculinity

predominant way of doing gender relations that enforce status quo (dominant boys enforce status by overemphasizing skills)

emphasized femininity

not hegemonic, "trophy wife"

resistance femininities

tomboys

hegemony

relative state of ascendancey maintained via cultural forms that produce the "consent" of the subordinated

centrality of cultural forms

convinces us that someone is the best one

Force

force can work, but also backfire --> beating up can work or show boys meanness, not incompatible with force, but force is not primary way

second curriculum of sport

hidden meaning, how to not be feminine. boys/men learn how to develop appropriate psyche/embodiment

homophobia

fear/hatred of homosexuals, prejudice

heteronormativity

think it's better that most people are heterosexual. suggest that there is something wrong/different in being homosexual and have a bias against it. doesn't intend to hurt anyone

misogyny

hating women

sport as a male preserve

all male domain where men play, compete, bond together, and affirm masculinity

flag-carrying sports

quintessentially promotes hegemonic masculinity and which a majority of people are exposed to
example: wheelchair rugby is masculine, but not prevalent

About this deck

By: allie maron
Textbook:

Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School
Created: 2009-02-17
Size: 132 flashcards
Views: 391

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj