Midterm

Anthropology 1006 with Erickson at University of Connecticut

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By: Sam Martinez
Textbook:

Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity

Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village
Created: 2012-02-28
Size: 166 flashcards
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Anthropology

the study go people, or more properly humankind and immediate ancestors

basic research

a study directed toward gaining scientific knowledge in an effort to meet a recognized need

applied research

study directed toward gaining scientific knowledge in an effort to meet a recognized need

culture

traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide beliefs and behaviors

enculturation

the process by which a child learns his or her culture while going up in it. Culture is learned by direct instruction and by observation. It is also absorbed unconsciously

Core values

key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture

cultural generalities

are regularities that occur in different times and places but not in all cultures

Human rights

rights vested in individuals

1) speak freely

2) hold religious belief without persecution

3) not be murdered, injured, or enslaved or imprisoned without charge

cultural rights

rights vested in groups

1) self-determination

2) some degree of home rule

3) right to practice religion, culture, language

4)right to traditional economic activities (e.g. hunting and fishing rights among native american groups)

diffusion

borrowing of traits between cultures

acculturation

exchange resulting when groups are in continuous firsthand contact

globalization

series of processes that makes modern nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent

applied anthropology

scientific , seeks to apply anthropological methods and concepts to solving pressing social problems

uses knowledge to improve policy and programs

development anthropology

provide assistance to development programs designed to improve equity

impact assessment

assess effect of a particular project

medical anthropology

comparative bio-cultural study of diseases, health problems, and health care systems

cultural management resources

protect sites we may need to know more about in the future

forensic anthropology

identification of human remains from natural and cultural disasters

holistic

encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

culture

traditions and customs transmitted through learning

food production

an economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication

general anthropology

anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology

cultural anthropology

the comparative, cross cultural , study of human society and culture

ethnology

the study of sociocultural differences and similarities

archaeological anthropology

the study of human behavior through material remains

biological anthropology

the study of human biological variation in time and space

physical anthropology

same as biological anthropology

linguistic anthropology

the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society

sociolinguistics

the study of language in society

science

field of science that seeks reliable explanations with reference to the material and physical world

applied anthropology

using anthropology to solve contemporary problems

association

an observed relationship between two or more variables

cultural resource management

deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved

hypothesis

a suggested by as yet unverified explanation

symbol

something verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something

hominid

member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla

universal

something that exists in every culture

generality

culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

particularity

distinctive or unique culture culture trait, pattern, or integration

enthocentrism

judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards

cultural rights

idea that to know another culture requires full understanding or its members beliefs and motivations

IPR

intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications

national culture

cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation

international culture

cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

diffusion

borrowing of cultural traits between societies

acculturation

an exchange of cultural features in different societies

independent invention

the independent development of a cultural feature in different societies

overinnovation

trying to active too much change

underdifferntation

seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diverstiy

urban anthropology

anthropological study of cites and urban life

medical anthropology

the comparative , bicultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems

disease

a scientifically identified health threat caused by a know pathogen

illness

a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual

health-care systems

beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illnes

curer

one who diagnoses and treats illness

scientific medicine

a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures

paleoanthropology

study of hominid, him in, and human life through the fossil record

informed consent

agreement to take part in research after being filled informed about it

paleontology

study of ancient life through fossil record

palynology

studies of ancient plants and environments through pollen samples

remote sensory

use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the round

anthropometry

measurement of human body parts and its dimensions

bone biology

study of bone as a biological tissue

paleopathology

study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites

molecular anthropology

DNA comparisons used to determine evolutionary links and distances

fossils

remains of ancient life

systematic survey

study of settlement patterns over a large area

excavation

digging through layers at a site

taphonomy

study of processes affecting remains of dead animals

absolute dating

establishing date in number or ranges of numbers

relative dating

establishing a time frame in relation to other strata of materials

stratigraphy

study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated laters (strata)

dendrochronology

tree-ring dating; a form of absolute dating

evolution

transformation of species; descent of modification

natural selection

selection of flavored forms through differential reproductive success

uniformitarianism

natural forces at work today also explain past events

population genetics

field that studies genetics of breeding populations

dominant

allele that makes another allele in a heterozygote

recessive

genetic trait marked by a dominant trait

chromosomes

paired lengths of DNA composed of multiples genes

gene

place on a chromosome that determines a particular gene

allele

a variant of a particular gene

heterozygous

having dissimilar alleles of a given gene

homozygous

having identical alleles of a given gene

genotype

an organisms hereditary makeup

phenotype

an organism's evident biological changes

independent assortment

chromosomes inherited independently on one another

mutation

change in DNA molecules

mitosis

ordinary cell division

meiosis

process by which sex cells are produced

crossing over

homologous chromosomes intertwine and exchange DNA

gene pool

all the genetic material in a breeding population

genetic evolution

change in gene (alelle) frequency in a breeding population

adaptive

favored by nature

sexual selection

selection of traits that enhancing mating success

balanced polymorphism

alleles maintaing a constant frequency in population over time

random genetic drift

genetic change due to chance

gene flow

exchange of genetic material through interbreeding

species

members can interbreed to produce offspring that live and reproudce

speciation

formation of new species

punctuated equilibrium

long periods of stability, with occasional evolutionary leaps

creationism

biblical interpretation of the creation of the world and the immutable

natural selection

is the process by which nature selects the forms most suited to survive ad reproduce in a given environment

racial classification

assigning organisms to categories (based on common ancestry)

cline

gradual shift in gene (allele) frequencies between neighboring populations

halogroup

lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutations

melanin

"natural sunscreen" produced by skin cells responsible for pigmentation

tropics

zone between 23 agree north (tropic of cancer) and 23 degrees south (tropic of capricorn) of the equator

rickets

vitamin D deficiency marked by bone deformation

Thomson's nose rule

average nose length increases in cold areas

Bergmann's rule

larger bodies found in colder areas and smaller bodies found in warmer ones

allen's rule

protruding body parts are bigger in warmer areas

phenotypical adaption

adaptive biological changes during an individuals lifetime

ardipithecus

earliest recognized hominin genus (5.8 - 4.4 m.y.a ) Ethopia

australopithecines

common term for all members of the genus australopithecus

a. anamenis

earliest know australopithecus species ( 4.2 - 3.9 m.y.a ) Kenya

australopithecus afarenis

early australopithecus species , Ethiopia ("Lucy" ) Tazania

gracile

e.g. a africanus, less robust, i.e. smaller and sleigher than a robustus

robust

e.g. a robustus and a. boise, large, strong sturdy bones, muscles, and teeth

a. robustus

aka paranthropus; robust australopithecus species ( 2.0? - 1.0 m.y.a ) South Africa

a. boise

late, hyperrobust austrolopithecus species (2.6 -1.2 m.y.a) East Africa

Homo habilis

earliest (2.4 ? - 1.4? m.y.a ) member of genus homo

a. garhi

tool-making austral-pitechus species (2.6 m.y.a ) Ethopia

Oldowan

earliest (2.6- 1.2 m.y.a ) stone tools, sharp flakes struck from cores choppers )

achevilan

lower paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. Erectus

Paleolithic

old stone age, including lower (early), middle, and upper (late)

archaic h. sapiens

early H. sapiens (30,00 to 28,000 B.P) includes neanderthals

Neanderthals

archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the middle east from 130,00 to 28,000 B.P.

pleistocene

main epoch (1.8 m.y.a - 11,000 B.P) of evolution homo

glacials

major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America

interglacials

extended warm periods between glacials

mousterian

middle paleolithic tool tradition associated with Neanderthals

herto

very early ( 160,000 -150,00 B.P ) AMH's found in ethopia

cro magnon

the first fossil find (1868) of an AMH from france's dordogone valley

behavioral modernity

fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity

upper paleolithic

blade-tool-making traditions of early AMH's

blade tool

basic upper Paleolithic too, hammered off a prepared core

clovis tradition

early american tool tradition; projectile point attached to a hunting spear

haleogroup

a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations

broad-spectrum revolution

foraging carried plant and animal foods at end of ice age; prelude to neolithic

mesolithic

stone tool making, emphasizing microleths with broad-spectrum economies

neolithic

economies based of food production cultivated crops and domesticated animals

hilly flanks

woodland zone just north of Tigris and Euphrates rivers

sedentism

settled (sedentary) life

natufians

widespread middle eastern foraging culture (12,500 -10,500 B.P)

mesoamerica

middle america, including Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize

maize

corn; first domesticated in tropical southwestern Mexico around 8,000 BP

manoic (yuca)

cassava, tuber domesticated in the south america lowlands

teosinte

wild ancestor of maize; grows wild in southwestern Mexico

state

society with central government , administrative specialization, and social class

multivariate

involving multiple factors, causes , or variables

empire

mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive

Mesopotamia

area where earliest states developed between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Halafian

early (7500 -6500 BP) widespread Mesopotamian pottery style

ranked society

society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification

stratification

presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power

egalitarian society

society with rudimentary status distinctions

chiefdom

ranked society with two or three level settlement hierarchy

primary states

states arising through competitions and among chiefdoms

cuniform

early mesopotamian wedge-shaped writing using stylus on clay

metallurgy

extraction and processing of metals to make tools

smelting

high temperature extraction of metal from ore

zapotec state

first mesoamerican state in the valley of oaxaca

teotinuacán

first valley of Mexico state (100-700 c.e) earliest mesoamerican empire

settlement hierarchy

communities with varying size, function, and building types

aztec

last independent valley of Mexico state( 1325 through 1520 c.e - spanish conquest )