Midterm

protection from harm

informed consent

privacy

knowledge of results

beneficial treatments

discontinuous stages, stages are universal

both nature and nuture

early and later experiences are important

measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age related averages are computed to represent typical development

Hall used questionnaires asking children everything they could tell about themselves

says development is

1. lifelong
2. multidimensional
3. highly plastic
4. influenced by multiple interacting forces

events strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last

ex: indvls walking shortly after first bday

      native language during preschool years

      menopause

events that are irregular- happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timeline

field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change thoughout the life span

each person's unique, genetically determined response to the environment

• bc of genetic makeup, we respond different to environments
• similarities and differences in behavior

mitosis: process of DNA duplicating itself

meiosis: halves # of chromosomes, cell division process

socioeconomic status

depends on:

1. education

2. occupation

3. income

zygote: sperm and ovum unite at conception

Embryo: lasts from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy; brief 6 weeks, the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs

Fetus: 9th week to the end of the pregnancy, the longest prenatal period; “growth and finishing” phase, the organism increases rapidly in size

touch

taste and smell

hearing

vision

condition that arises when the Rh protein (present in fetus blood but not mother) causes the mother to build up antibodies

if these return to the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells and reduce the oxygen supple to tissues and organs

1. dilation and effacement

2. delivery of the baby

3. delivery of the placenta

point at which the fetus can first survive

(in the third trimester)

asseses newborn physical condition

each category given a scale 0,1 or 2 --2 is best

moro (embracing) reflex: flinging arms wide and bringing back toward body

rooting reflex: turning head in direction

palmar grasp reflex: grabbing with whole hand

stepping reflex: primitive walking response

lasts from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy

groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs

lateralization:  specialization of the 2 hemispheres

plasticity: main areas are not yet committed to specific functions

6 weeks---holds head steady

2 months--- lifts self by amrs

2months--- rolls from side to back

3 months--- grasps cube

4 1/2 months--- rolls from back to side

7 months--- sits alone

7 months--- crawls

8 months--- pulls to stand

9 months--- plays patty cake

11 months--- stands alone

11 months--- walks alone

• when a child sleeps with their parents
• A child who regularly sleeps with their parents for up to 6 months may become dependent on that arrangement
• Co-sleeping is the norm for approx. 90 percent of the worlds population
  

habituation: gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

recovery: new stimulus causing responsiveness to return to a high level

applying words too narrowly

-using "bear" to refer to only her tattered bear doll

applying a word to a wider collection of objects

-using car for all vehicles

leaving out small and less important words

mommy shoe

go car

emphasized interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences

information processing theory

form of communication made up of short sentences with high pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts

see the ball

the ball bounced

equilibrium- steady comfortable state- associated w/ assimilation

dis- rapid cognitive change is developing- associated w/ accomodation

easy child: quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, generally cheerful and adapts easily

difficult child: irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely

slow to warm up child : inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood and adusts slowly to new experiences

humas are incapable of a second, higher order of set feelings including guilt, shame, embarassment, envy, and pride

each involves injury or enhancement of our self

secure: infants use parent as secure base, actively seek contact when parent returns

avoidant: infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present, usually are not upset when they leave, avoid or are slow to greet upon returning

resistant: infants seek closeness to parent before separation, distressed when parent leaves, display anger or resistive behavior upon return, cannot be comforted easily

disorganized/disoriented: greatest insecurity, confused contradictory behaviors, might look away while being held or approach parent with depression

identification of the self as a physically unique being

pointing to self in photos

"i" or "me"

most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking

failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from ones own

children's self directed speech

children use it when tasks are difficult and they are confused about how to proceed

children who use this are more attentive and involved and do better than their less talkative agemates

age 2: running, jumping, hopping, skipping

age 5-6: steer and pedal, throwing, catching, hopping, jumping

drawing

• scribbles --- 18 months
• representational forms--- age 3
• printing- preschool

a type of discipline where the parent helps the child notice the effects of the child's misbehaviour on others. 

this helps the child notice feelings and helps create an understanding of how the child's wrongdoings hurt someone else

physical: harms other through injury- pushing, hitting kicking, destroying others' property

verbal: harms others through threats, name calling, teasing

relational: damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, gossip or friend manipulation

3 broad interacting intelligences:

1. analytical intelligence
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence

a greater than 20 percent increase over avg body weight based on age, sex and build

caused by heredity, environment, feeding practices

treatment: revised eating patterns, exercise

girls are ahead in fine motors (writing/drawing)

maintain edge in skipping, jumping, hopping, balancing

boys out perform in all other gross motor skills: throwing, kicking

• social:relationship with peers, relationship with parents
• academic:language arts, math, other school subjects
• physical/athletic:outdoor games, various sports
• influences-culture, child rearing practices, making achievement-related attributions

includes "tough" boys

athletically skilled but poor student who cause trouble and defy authority

• have higher self esteem
• do beter in school
• attain higher levels of education
• less accepted in groups

• parent's health
• the child's characteristics
• social support within the family and surrounding community
• the child's age
• the child's temperament and sex