Nervous system and emotion

StudyBlue printing of Nervous system and emotion html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Nervous system and emotion Nervous system and emotion review: ñ Parrot, sabini and silver (1988) ñ embarassment: social interaction script disrupted ◦ credible excuse to say no (no problem) ◦ transparent excuse (esteem suffers bu not performance) ◦ blunt NO (esteem and performence suffers) ñ Finding: Low embarassment levels for the credible excuse, medium embarassment for the transparent excuse and high levels of embarassment for blunt "No" excuse Nervous System ñ Central nervous system ◦ the brain ◦ spinal cord and peripheral Nervous system ▪ Peripheral nervous system: Carries messages to and from the CNS to other parts of the body ñ somatic nervous system: muscles and sensory information get sent to teh CNS ñ Autonomic Nervous System: controls bodily functions, regulates homeostasis(cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive functions) ◦ Sympathetic NS: Fight or flight response ◦ Parasympathetic NS: rest and digest response Sympathetic branch ñ diverts blood from the digestive processes and skin ñ increases oxygen and blood flow to the lungs ñ increases heart-rate and blood flow to skeletal muscles parasympathetic branch ñ increaased blood flow to the digestive system ñ reduced oxygen exchange in the lungs ñ increase salivary gland secretion, aiding in digestion PNS and Emotions? ñ James: changes in aotonomic nervous system and percieving these changes is considered emotion ñ pathological cases:unmotivated emotions ◦ people who feel emotion in absence of timulus in the enironment Limbic system and emotions ñ removal of limbic system and monkeys leads to Kluver-Bucy syndrome ◦ hypersexuality and deminished fear responses ◦ Self-stimulation in rats, bar presses past exhaustion for a limbic jolt. The Amygdala ñ Fear conditioning in rats ◦ does not take place in lesions. (no fear conditioning) ◦ connection between the thalamus and the amygdala all needed for fear response, not the cortex ñ Patient SM and Bilateral amygdala damage: ◦ had difficulties: ▪ recognizing facial expression and fear ▪ generating facial expression for fear ▪ drawing facial expression for fear ◦ Suggests that the amygdala is responsible for detecting and producing fear ◦ For example, seeing the whites of somoenes eyes is shown to jolt the amygdala reaction of fear ñ Neural pathway to amygdala bypasses the cortex ◦ this area is sensitive to unfamiliar stimuli ◦ It also makes first assessment of and event in terms of emotional experience and significance. Brain and emotion regulation ñ Phineas Gage: ◦ accident on railroad caused a giant railroad barb to penetrate his skull ◦ Disrupted emotional life due to the loss of ventromedial pre-frontal cortex. ñ Gambling task: normal function versus those with PFC damage ◦ Two of the decks (A and B) had a high reward with a high pentalty (Costs >benefits) ◦ The other two (B and C) had a low reward but an even lower penalty. ◦ Control subjects had learned over time that the bad decks were bad and led to subsequent loss. ◦ Those without ventromedial PFC: ▪ had no skin conductence response to decks A and B ▪ Continued to play decks A and B ▪ can verbalize the logic of the game ▪ had not emotional response to decks A and B ▪ cannot learn an emotional reaction and perform behaviors accordingly ñ Lesions in PFC: ◦ disregulated social behavior ◦ persuin short term goals but not long term goals ◦ physiological responses to anticipation is damaged 11/3/11 Hormones Behavioral endocrinology: ñ study of the relationship between neurochemical preocesses and behavior ñ Hormones effect behavior and behaviors feed to affect hormones Principal functions of the endocrine system: ñ paintain internal environment of the body ñ maintain optimum biochemical environment ñ integration and regulation of growth and development ñ control, maintain and instigate sexual reproduction What is a hormone? ñ Chemical released from living cell, ususally through the bloodstream and travels totarget tissues for biological effect. ◦ Secreted in small amounts. Hormones and Behavior ñ Do not act like faucets, do not spew forth when behavior is affected. ñ Hormones change the probability a behavior will be displayed in a certain social context, they do not cause the behavior ◦ exhibit both "activation effects" and "organizational effects" The major endocrine glands are: ñ The Gonads; female and male sex hormones ñ adrenal glands, medulla triggers the fight or flight response. Steroid Hormones: ñ secreted by gonads and adrenal glands ñ examples of testosterone and estrogen ñ not specifically male or female, both sexes produce both in varying amounts Testicular Hormones: ñ Both androgens and estrogens ñ in most mamma, males have 20-40 times more Testosterone than females How do we study hormones and behavior? ñ Promate studies and testing hormonal changes in circadian rhythyms ñ case studies for those with testosterone treatment and major hormone disorders ñ Measure hormone levels at different situations. Testosterone and aggression: ñ men are naturally more aggressive than women and castration of the testes (major adrenal gland) reduces aggressive behavior ñ covariation between seasonal levels of hormones and levels of aggression ñ aggressive behaviors raise during puberty. ñ Crime and aggression: ◦ aggressive crimes are performed more often by males than by females. ñ Inter-male aggression and terrotorial aggression increase after puberty ñ after a fight, the winner will eshibit higher testosterone levels than the loser. ñ Age of first villent offense correlates with testosterone levels ñ Violent FEMALE prisoners exhibit higher levels of testosterone. ñ T and commitment: those who were married just once and are still married show systematically lower T levels than those who were married and then divorced. Organizational effect and fetal development ñ castrated rats and mice exhibit low levels of aggression ñ males castrated as neonates and given T as adults show low levels of aggression ñ Male or Female castrated as neonates then given T throught development still show lower levels of aggression. Hormone-related aggression and females ñ Maternal Aggression: ◦ expression of fierce aggression towards intruders by lactation mothers during rearing of offspring ◦ found that in many species from fish to humans (minus the lactation, obviously) that during the rearing period in pregnancy the mothers show more aggression ◦ mostly studied in rats and mice ◦ Increase in hormonal changes during the pregnancy cycle are linked to maternal aggression ◦ cues from offspring and from intruders trigger appropriate behavior Ovarian Hormones ñ estrogen ñ progesterone ñ testosterone Cyclic hormones and attraction ñ macrae et all showed photos of men and women to female participants. Their task was to look at male and female faces quickly ◦ women were in the fertile phase or non fertile phase ñ sensitivity to sex based characteristsics increases when women are fertile, women in their fertility phase took less time to identify a male face ñ Women prefer men who are symmetrical in their soft tissue during gertile days of their cycle and those who have deeper voices ñ gargestad et all: ◦ During fertile part of cycles, women report more attratction to fantasies other than their partner. Fantasies about their partner stayed the same. ñ Highly eterous females show stronger shifts across ovulation cycle for these characteristics neuropeptides: oxytocin ñ neuropeptide release from hypothalamus affects attration and sexual response ñ bonding occurs through its release, for instance a mother and child during breastfeeding ñ autistic children exhibit less attraction and bonding so therefore they produce less oxytocin ñ mother requires oxytocin to initiate behavior and it continues to increase once breastfeeding behaviors occur Ted Talk oxytocin: Considered the moral molecule Most commonly exhibited during breastfeeding and sexual intercourse. Trustworthiness ñ increased generosity by 80% ñ increased feelings of empathy ñ nurturing increased oxytocin over time ñ stress inhibits oxytocin ñ Testosterone also inhibits oxytocin ñ punishment for immoral behavior inhibits oxytocin ñ Social Media increases oxytocin becasue it shows that people are more closely connected to others. ñ