Nervous Tissue - Lecture 10
Anatomy & Physiology 220 with Tomco at Brigham Young University
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CNS
spinal cord; brain
PNS
cranial nerves - 12
spinal nerves - 31
ganglia
sensory afferent division
to enter; transmit information from receptors to CNS
motor efferent division
to exit; transmit information from CNS to muscle or gland
autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
neurons
excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
glial cells
non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
high metabolic rate
need constant glucose and oxygen
longevity
live and function for over 100 years
nonmitotic
during fetal development lose ability to divide
primary tumor of CNS
may form in meninges or glial cells
secondary tumor of CNS
forms in another site but spreads to the brain
dendrites
carry impulses TOWARD cell body; receive input and transfer to cell body for processing
cell body
called soma
control center
contains nucleus and organelles
comprise "gray matter"
form clusters called ganglia (PNS); nuclei (CNS)
axons
nerve fiber
carry impulses AWAY from cell body to another cell
transmits output information to other cells
ends branch into synaptic knobs
unipolar
sensory neurons
bipolar
special senses; uncommon in humans
multipolar
motor neurons; most common
interneurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons; confined to CNS
astrocyte
glial cell
control ionic environment
form blood-brain barrier
ependymal cell
glial cell
produce and circulate CSF
microglial cell
macrophages of CNS
oligodendrocyte
forms myelin sheaths in CNS
satellite cell
protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia
neurolemmocyte/schwann cell
myelinates PNS axons
myelin sheath
protective white fatty coating
supports, protects and insulates axon
greatly increases speed of conduction
neurofibril nodes or nodes of ranvier
endoneurium
surrounds individual axon
perineurium
surrounds individual fascicles
epineurium
surrounds whole nerve
synapse
site which neurons communicate
presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron
ALS - Lou gehrigs
fatal degeneration of somatic motor system; atrophied muscles cause problems with breathing, speaking, swallowing
no treatment; life expectancy of 5 years
multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease
patches of myelin destroyed
1 out of 1000 people
blindness, weakness, clumsiness
anencephaly
disorder at cranial end
absence of brain; only brainstem forms
infants rarely live a few hours
detected with ultrasound
Spina bifida
disorder at caudal end
vertebral arch not fully formed
mild (occulta) or severe (cystica)
increased intake of vitamin B12 and folic acid while pregnant
About this deck
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Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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