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- University of South Carolina - All Campuses
- Exercise Science
- Exercise Science 223
- Thompson
- New material-male reproduction
New material-male reproduction
Exercise Science 223 with Thompson at University of South Carolina - All Campuses
About this deck
By: robert macbain
Created: 2011-12-07
Size: 82 flashcards
Views: 54
Created: 2011-12-07
Size: 82 flashcards
Views: 54
About StudyBlue
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What are the male and female primary sex organs? What is the name of the sex cells they produce? What sex steroid hormones does each produce?
- Ovaries and Testes
- Gametes (Sperm and Ova)
- Androgen(males); Estrogen and progesterone
What are the accessory reproductive organs?
Glands, Ducts, and External Genitalia
What does the Dartus muscle do?
wrinkles scrotum to decrease Surface Area
What does the cremaster muscle do?
raises and lowers testes
What is produced in the testes?
Sperm and Androgen
What are the 2 layers of the testes?
tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum),
tunica albuginea- tough convering around testes
What are responsible for producing sperm?
Semeniferous tubules
What do Leydig Cells produce? What does this product help produce
Testosterone; Sperm
What 2 things contract to force sperm out during ejaculation?
Epididymis and Ampulla
What is responsible for protection urethra from closing
Corpus Spongiosum
What are the four parts used in Copulation?
Spongy Urethra, Corpus Spongiosum, and 2 Corpus Cavernosa
How are Erections regulated?
Nerves that run through the prostate
What 2 parts does the ejaculatory duct consist of?
Ampulla and Seminal Vesicle
The Ductus(Vas) Deferens propels sperm from _______ to _______?
Epididymis; Urethra
What are the 3 regions of the Urethra?
Prostatic Urethra
Membranes Urethra
Spongy(Penile) Urethra
What are the 3 Accesory glands?
Seminal Vesicle, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland
Which Accessory Gland produces a viscous alkaline seminal fluid? What 4 things are in this seminal fluid and what % of the total volume of semen is it?
- Seminal Vesicle
- Fructose, Ascorbic Acid, Coagulating enzyme(vasiculase), and prostaglandins
- 70%
Which Accesory Gland secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid? What does this fluid contain(3)?
- Prostate Gland
- Citrate, Enzymes, and Prostate-Specific Antigen(PSA)
Which Accessory gland produces a thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation? What 2 things does this mucus do?
Bulbourethral gland
- lubricates glans penis
- neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
What is semen made of? Acidic or basic?
Sperm and accessory gland secretions
Basic
What nutrient protects and activates sperm as well as facilitates its movement
Fructose
What do prostoglandins in semen do?(3)
- Decrease viscosity of mucus in the cervix
- Stimulate reverse peristalsis
- Help break down mucus around egg so fertilization can occur
How does semen allow sperm to live in the Vagina(since the vagina is slightly acidic)?
Semen is basic and neutralizes acid in male urethra and female vagina
What happens to semen after ejaculation(2)?
Clotting factors coagulate the semen and then fibrinolysin liquefies it
How much semen is released during ejaculation? How many sperm are in the semen?
2-5 mL
20-150 million
What system is responsible for erections? What does this system release, causing erectile tissue to fill with blood?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Nitric Oxide (NO)
What part of the penis is responsible for maintaining engorgement of penis(erection)? How?
Corpus Cavernosa, by compressing drainage veins which retards outflow of blood
What system causes ejaculation? What are the 3 steps?
Sympathetic Nervous System
SNS causes:
- Duct and accessory glands contract and empty their contents
- Bladder sphincter muscle to constrict, preventing expulsion of urine
- Bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo a rapid series of contractions
What affects does testosterone have on the male reproductive system?
- Skin- facial body hair growth. Baldness on head
- Male Sex organs- sperm production, prostate growth and erectile function
- Muscle- increase muscle mass and strength
- Bone- bone density maintenance
- Bone Marrow- red blood cell production
- Brain- Sex drive and aggression
Does a lot of testosterone cause agression?
No, coming down from testosterone does
What is Andropause? What age does it normally happen and what is it associated with? What are 3 consequences of this?
- Age related decline in circulating testosterone
- sets around 40 years of age, associated with enhanced abdominal development
- Decrease muscle mass, which leads to men putting on fat b/c eating style stays the same
- Slower healing
- Decline in sperm motility.(young man= 20-50 min)(old man= 2.5 days)
What are the 3 accessory ducts in females
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
What are present to help collect the egg?
Fembriae
T/F The ovary and uterine tube are physically connected?
False
What is the uterus made up of? How big is it and what happens to its size after first pregnancy?
Smooth Muscle
Size of your fist
Doubles
Which female gland provides lubricant for intercourse?
Vestibular Gland
How does pregnancy affect excretion of wastes?(urination and defacation)
- Since your bladder is below your uterus, when you're pregnant the fetus causes the uterus to put more pressure on the bladder causing you to have to pee more
- Fetus can also cause uterus to place more pressure on your colon causing constipation
What does the Broad Ligament do? What does the Ovarian Ligament do?
- Hold blood vessels that supplies tissues with nutrients
- connects ovary to lateral surface of uterus
Where does fertilization of Ovum take place?
Ampulla/ Infundibulum region
What is the fibrous layer surrounds Testis and Ovaries?
Tunica Albuginea
When can hyperplasia of the uterus occur?
At puberty when estrogen levels are high and during Pregnancy
Where do fallopian tubes enter the uterus(this is where egg or ovum makes its way into uterus)?
Fundus
What are the 3 layers of the uterus' muscular wall?
- Perimetrium- Tough conn. tissue layer. Though to be part of serous membrane
- Myometrium- layer of smooth muscle, fairly thick and helps push child out
- Endometrium- (mucosal lining) this layer is shed each month if pregnancy doesn't occur. It is thick at some points and thin at some points
Where does intercourse take place?
Vagina
Will the vagina go back to original size after pregnancy?
Yes
What are the 3 regions of the Cervix?
- Internal OS
- Cervical canal
- External OS
What does the Cervix have to help prevent things from getting in and out? What does semen contain to help thin mucus in cervix so it can get in? Can the penis enter the cervix?
- Mucus plug
- Prostaglandins
- No
How can you test for cervical cancer? Explain? What causes cervical cancer?
- Pap smear- take sample of cells from cervix
- Human Papaloma Virus
What does the clitoris contain that enlarges during arousal?
Corpora Cavernosa
T/F: In women, the hymen is always the same shape and can tell you if you are virgin or not?
False, the hymen can have different shapes and can be ruptured without partaking in intercoarse
What is the function of the bulb of vestibule?
helps with lubrication
Connective tissue and muscle serves as floor of pelvic cavity, what can happen to this due to multiple pregnancies?
It can stretch or tear, causing uterus to sit in different position
What determines breast size?
Degree of Adiposity
What type of cancer is breast cancer? What cells are cancerous during breast cancer? Risk factors(3)? Hom many cases are due to hereditary defects?
- Since mammary glands are associated with epithelial tissue, breast cancer is a Epithelial Cancer
- Epithelial cells of small ducts
- Early menstruation or late menopause, No pregnancies or late 1st pregnancy, and family history of breast cancer
- 10% are due to hereditary defects such as mutations to BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
What is estrogen derived from and what does it do?
Testosterone; Plays important role in reproductive organ development
Progesterone, in combination with estrogen, does what?(2)
Breast development and menstrual cycle regulation
What is the single biggest cause of reproductive disorders?
STD's- which are venereal diseases
What is Gonorrhea(clap)? How is it spread? Symptoms? Treatment?
- Bacteria invasion of reproductive and urinary tract mucosa
- Spread by genital, anal, and pharyngeal contact symptoms
- Men= painful urination and Women= abdomin discomfort, vag discharge and can cause sterility
- Antibiotics
How is syphilis transmitted? What are the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary symptoms? Treatment?
- Sexually and congenitally
- Primary= lesions appear at site of infection in vagina(1-4 weeks)
- Secondary= Pink body rash, fever, joint pain(3-4 weeks)
- Tertiary= destructive lesion in CNS, Blood vessels, bones, and skin
- Antibiotics
What is the most common STD? What causes it? How is it treated?
- Chlamydia
- Bacterium
- Tetracycline
What causes Genital Warts? Does it have to be visible in order to be transmitted?
HPV; No
What can congenital herpes cause? What is the most helpful medication for herpes and what does it do?
- Fetus malformation, Cervical cancer risk
- Acyclovir isn't a cure but it speeds up healing process and reduces flare ups
What age does puberty normally occur? What are the 2 main factors that can influence the age at which puberty occurs? Characteristics of Male and Female Puberty?
- 10-15
- Genetics and Environment
- Males- Scrotum/ testes enlargement, penis growth for next 2 years. Sperm in semen. Unexpected erections and Nocturnal emissions
- Female= Breast buds. Menarche usually 2 years after breast buds
What are the Characteristics of Early Maturing boys and girls?
- Boys: More muscular, shorter legs, and Broader hips
- Girls: Shorter legs and narrow shoulders
At what age are peak reproductive capabilities? What specifically happens as women age?
late 20's;
- gradual decline (age 30= 10000eggs and age 50= 3 eggs)
- Decrease Estrogen production= multiple ovulations causing twins and triplets to become more likely if pregnant
At what age is menopause experienced?
46-54
What happens when menopause causes ovaries to stop endocrine function?
- reproductive organs and breast atrophy
- dry vagina making vaginal infections more common
- Irritability/ Depression
- Skin Vasodilation "Hot Flash"
- thining of skin/ bone loss
- Increased cholesterol/ Decreased HDL
What is conceptus?
developing offspring
What is the gestation period? Embryonic period? Fetal period? How long?
- Last day of menstruation until birth. 280 days
- Fertilization through week 8-embryo
- Week 9 through birth-fetus
What induces the completion of Meiosis II and then Mitosis?
Fertilization
What does Human Placental Lactogen do?(3)
- stimulates maturation of the breasts for lactation,
- promotes growth of fetus
- decreases the amount of glucose mom uses so it can be used by fetus
What happens if glucose levels are too high during pregnancy?
Gestational Diabetes
What amps up metabolic rate?
Human chorionic thyrotropin
What Gastointestinal, Urinary, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular changes occur with pregnancy?
- Morning sickness, heart burn, and constipation
- Stress incontinence- any pressure to waist line makes you want to pee
- Dyspnea- difficulty breathing b/c pressure on diaphragm. Nasal congestion
- Cardiac Hypertrophy= Increased Heart rate, BP, and plasma/blood/RBC volume
What is Sperm Capacitation? Why is it important?
- process by which the sperm cell membrane is weakened to allow the release of acrosomal hydrolytic enzymes
- Important b/c sperm must be capacitated to fertilize egg
What is slow block polyspermy?
destruction of sperm receptors and formation of swollen membrane that removes other sperm cells from the surface of the oocyte
What is fertilization?
when sperm and secondary oocyte fuse to form a zygote
What is cleavage and what are the products
- mitotic divisions occur after fertilization without much growth between divisions causing small cells to form each time
- 2 identical blastomeres which form a morula(hollow ball of cells)
What is implantation?
attatchment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall at the start of pregnancy
What is placentation? What are placental functions?
- formation of the placenta from trophoblastic and endometrial tissue
- Provides nutrients and oxygen, and removes metabolic wastes
About this deck
By: robert macbain
Created: 2011-12-07
Size: 82 flashcards
Views: 54
Created: 2011-12-07
Size: 82 flashcards
Views: 54
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy