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4/15/2009 Mineral Resources Include non metallic (gravel, limestone, etc) and metallic Ore deposits are economic concentrations of deposits A variety of geologic processes concentrate metals; these vary with location If price goes up, more deposits economic There is an environmental cost to extracting and processing ore Soil acidification Demuded land around copper smelter Revegitation takes many years Energy resources Energy use has changed dramatically Coal, oil, natural gas are three most used today Source rocks Organic matter in depositional environment Organic matter preserved in the rocks Anoxic conditions (so carbon is not released as CO2) Maturation and Oil Generation Bacterial decomposition Thermal alteration (60-200C) 60C- oil 120C- gas Pure methane production Oil and Gas Source rock Maturation Migration Reservoir rock Trap Reservoir rock High porosity and permeability Controls on reservoir quality Primary porosity and permeability Examples of geologic traps for hydrocarbons Impermeable capping layer (roof rock) and porous and permeable aquifer rocks (reservoir rock) are required Anticlive -pinchout Fault -salt dome Unconformity -coral reef Creates physical trap to hold products in Resources and reserves Reserves: identified resources that can be profitably exploited Resources: total supply ultimately available for use Future production Hubbert?s model- US oil production Enhanced recovery of what is already there Hot water or steam Detergents CO2 Fracturing (low permeability reservoirs) Hydraulics Explosives Environmental impact Construction Deviated (directional) drilling Oil spills Tankers Drilling Damage to pipe liner and refineries Waste water Coal Environments of formation Needs low oxygen conditions and lots of organic matter Swamps Estuaries Lagoons Formation of coal Peat low quality Lignite to Subbituminous high Bithuminous Anthracite Types of coal vary Environmental Impact Sulfur emissions contribute to acid rain Ash (solid waste, toxic metals) Bauxite- Al rich rocks made of rounded grains Sphaterite- ZnS, yellow brown color and glassy luster Galena- PbS Gypsum- a soft evaporate material Trona- sodium rich evaporate material Kaolinite- a very fine grained clay material; white