Notes for Midterm 10/11

StudyBlue printing of Notes for Midterm 10/11 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Midterm Notes - Ch 1, 3, 15, 10, 11, 12, 7 Congress and constitution make national policy in U.S. usually make policies that most powerful constituents want FCC enforces media policies on TV, internet, etc. FTC regulates advertising NBC/Universal, Microsoft, Google, Time Warner, Disney, News Corp, Viacom/CBS, and Yahoo = $1.2 trillion media organizations financed by advertising very small % of tax $ goes to NPR, PBS, etc. average American will spend 3509 hours consuming media this year 9.5 hours of media per day average person will spend about $1000 on media this year contingency approach media power is dependent on its societal "container" or context society is influenced by its component forces (media, schools, parents, etc.) reciprocal relations between media and society contextually ground media nature of society = ground on which media makes decision convergence: "the coming together of computers, telecommunications, and mass communication" info storage and processing almost "born" digital 1946: one of first large digital comp called ENIAC; funded by Department of Defense birth of storage 1969: US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency develops internet info transmission highlights drum beats, lighthouses, visual telegraph, etc. 1600s: first newspapers; Germany, France, Belgium 1870s: telephone 1890s: Italy, over the air telegraphy the sending by electromagnetic radio waves of dot-dash messages used in wire-line telegraph 1930s: GE develops TV from profits from radio 1970s: satellites 1991: UK; Berners-Lee: "world wide web" -> hyperlinks 1998: 2 Stanford grad students start Google digital processes change analog products -> but don't necessarily replace them (i.e. radio, TV) positive side of digitization digitally-empowered products and services everywhere content by many content accuracy easily checked content can be changed quickly negative side of digitization no privacy US behind on % of users and affordable internet traditional functions of media surveillance social stability and change transmission of culture printing technology transformed society in Europe when forces were ripe for change church power threatened literacy in local languages (other than Latin) spreads 4 theories of international mass communication authoritarian theory oldest system exists in states where gov has direct control over mass media uses media to shape public opinion libertarian theory rooted in idea of individual's right to publish whatever he wants, even material that is critical of government or of government officials social responsibility theory best describes media's role in democratic societies rests on notion that media is vital to informing citizens in a democratic society and should be free from most government constraints in order to provide best, most reliable, and impartial information to public soviet theory states media should be publicly owned and used to further needs of working class bourgeois: class of society that means "middle class" which distinguishes class from aristocracy above them and proletariat (workers) below them public sphere: an idealized conversational "space" in which people discuss and debate their interests separate from interests of state and civil society public opinion: notion that the public can form shared views/ideas about topics and that these ideas guide public's activity politics <---> media issues $ for content $ for taxes: reverse "net neutrality" from mass audiences to "produSers" but with no privacy net neutrality addresses system like telephones (doesn't matter what you're listening to -> about time and distance, NOT content) reverse n.n.: charge people by space -> how much bandwidth, etc. www = open source app; Linux = open source OS gained ability to talk back but lost privacy with tech politics from Greek word: city-state today's include capital and cultural forces media institution components depend on state, capital, and cultural forces in society politics' effect on media components state makes national policy politics' effect on financing politic advertising campaigns very profitable for media firms negative content makes audiences skeptical of politicans politics' use of media components like technology YouTube reaching young voters smart mobs politics' influence on media content telephone calls to publishers and reporters payment to retired Pentagon spokespersons to appear on talk shows media organizations respond to politics sound bites, horse races, polls to make headlines, no depth donations to election campaigns (e.g. GE owns NBC, Disney extending copyright laws) networks want to make $ and do so through ads won't show ads that hinder their profit capabilities capitalism politics' effect on the public rational arguments US audiences polled and tricked by PR firms different types of state-media relations around world based on country's history and "age" earliest US press sponsored by politic parties "prior restraint" printing press and literacy -> mass medium 1880s: sensational journalism early 1900s: fact based reporting; j schools start late 1900s: 20-25% rates of return to shareholders early 21 cent: recession; slow in advertising; newspapers close down media organizations choose what to report and how to report it i.e. Katrina: local news - detailed; others - vague, focused on people stealing what is their effect on us? sets agenda for day (agenda setting) - what people think about and how to think it primes you to think in x fashion, not y fashion depends on who they are selling to news organizations very different across the world first newspaper - Germany (bc of printing press) print circulation decrease in U.S., Canada, W. Europe print circulation increase in Asia, Africa, some Latin America people becoming more educated internet not widely available financing of advertising gives people purchasing power US views press as watchdog for gov founding fathers built press in as watchdog, as 4th arm of government 1st amendment: freedom of press protected by constitution 1700s: press financed by political parties creates partisan reporting 1800s: press financed by advertising dream of "free press" -> tries to become more objective printing press -> penny papers -> mass audiences AP starts to supply news to chain papers 1900s: sensational press dominated by $$$ vision of press against gov but owned by big $ muckrakers: Sinclair, etc - criticize press, bring issues to light 1920s-1930s: journalists turn to universities to teach neutrality in reporting "strategic ritual" - to get people to stop harassing them about bias 1947: Hutchins redefines responsibility of press defines new press as "truthful, comprehensive, intelligent" objectivity isn't possible -> "fairness and balance" instead 1950s: radio and TV cut into print markets more entertaining criticized because "TV should be for teaching, illuminating, and inspiring" by radio host Edward R Murrow "box with wires and lights" 1960s: government dominates US news despite watchdog ideals 1970s: Daniel Ellsberg leaks official US history of Vietnam; battle btw gov and press court injunction to stop printing -> 16 newspapers start printing (chain) NYT goes to Supreme Court -> prior restraint Ellsberg keeps pressuring; Nixon looks for dirt on him to malign him 1972: Congress votes to stop funding war press brings about awareness but will not necessarily change anything 1990s: 20-25% profits by newspaper owners -> no saving for transition to internet decline in circulation and $ 21st century: positive press during wars; embeds; articles in Iraqi papers; retired generals paid to appear on US news media definition of news: "unusual events" combating Congress and ad based financing white males dominate diversity of sources - i.e. wikileaks entertainment changes based on perspective movies early 1900s Hollywood produces approx 600 movies a year Hollywood - "film capital" -> based on PROFIT, not quantity secret of success story lines - sell globally business model based on controlling studio through theatrical exhibition stages Hollywood "moguls" 4 Warner Brothers from Poland 2 Disney Brothers from Illinois 3 Polish immigrants who started MGM Studios mogul: Mongolia - Babur; empire elements of successful story conflict over good-evil, right-wrong, etc. ethnic groups and women are sometimes missing or stereotyped in movies Reel Bad Arabs -> reciprocal relations orientalism: scholarly term for tendency to portray the foreign East as primitive influences that shape story lines (1) director or author (2) other media, original story (3) technology (4) business model TV around 60 years old airwaves owned by FCC (US gov) licensed by FCC to private profit making networks @ no cost purpose of license: to broadcast research on being exposed to consistent negative portrayals of the world outside began in 1920s with 1st movies because parents were worried uniform, large, direct effects - scared parents not actually found in research 1940s - researchers find selective, small, indirect effects different effects because filtered through family and friends 1960s - series of national studies on media effects, esp. violence effects CAN be powerful but only on specific group under specific conditions imitation, dis-inhibition, immediate physical arousal (exaggerated response) creation of world view based on frequent watching of events we don't have personal contact with "scary outside world;" stereotypes scriptwriters; casting directors build characters and storylines ethical consequences follow -> call for self regulation US TV dominated by violence (words, actions) different in Japan: aggressor punished, made to pay -> less crime bad guy not always punished in U.S. -> victim only seen suffering briefly social learning theory: "if you want to address this demographic, you must build characters they respond to or identify with" video games: more active involvement; multiple players; role playing advertising and public relations media has many components - not just one system financing: the economic glue must figure out who to target to profit most keeps US media system functioning pays staff's salaries, new technology connection btw media and business unique political history: founding fathers -> media as government watchdog advertising needs to selll -> sales promotions to increase sales media allows companies to reach many people at once 1830s: printing press -> "penny papers" advertising uses "strategic" communication to SELL must decide WHAT to communicate, WHO will be the source, HOW to communicate (e.g. tone of voice, brand name, jingle), WHERE , WHEN , to WHICH audience (e.g. CPM [cost per mil (1000)] circulation, audience ratings) today, 2/3 of total space in newspaper is advertising classified ads are most important source of $, then display ads, then some advertorials early US debate on radio financing -> advertising won "should gov finance?" -> advertising lobby very strong bc new way to reach many people at once TV (1940s) followed radio broadcasting's advertising financed path ad agencies started in mid 1800s as space resellers, then expanded buys media time and designs ads in exchange for reimbursement of cost of media buying and 15% commission market researchers, writers, media producers - staff in US, $136.8 billion on advertising ($450 bill globally) lower than usual bc of recession most ad agencies are part of large multi-service global conglomerate umbrellas started as "mom and pop organizations" -> bought each other top 5 conglomerates: 1 UK, 2 US, 1 French, 1 Japanese TV advertising 15 minutes allowed per hour of prime time network TV infomericals (new-ish phenomenon) product placement some cable channels that sell all the time Channel One in schools: 2 min of ads, 10 mins of news in exchange for free satellite dish, VCR, equipment, etc outdoor advertising, direct mail, telemarketing, mobile phone ads internet ads - initially commercial free bc goal wasn't profit at first, only spam email, then unpaid viral word-of-mouth, banner ads online, pop-ups, Craigslist, short videos FTC and FDA regulate US ads i.e. tobacco ads banned on TV in '71; billboards in '98 deceptive ads NOT ILLEGAL unless judge rules they're MISLEADING caveat emptor ("consumer beware") regulation very weak in terms of consumer protection Children's TV Act (1990) and FCC limit advertising which may be aired in below-12 year olds' childrens' TV programming to 10.5 min/hr on weekends and 12 min.hr on weekdays don't enforce rules expected political advertising expenditure this fall estimated @ $4.2 billion before Nov election unions and companies can legally spend as much as they want as long as they don't coordinate their efforts with the candidate corporate speech is protected on the other hand, Norway doesn't allow pol advertising on TV candidates must have equal opportunity to pruchase equivalent time slots media organizations can't refuse pol broadcasting political advertising vs. commercial advertising political advertising protected by US constitution no limits on pol advertising they have right to speak freely US media cannot refuse to run even false and misleading political ads US media must give all political buyers equal opportunity for equivalent time slots research has found: no respect for truth from both pol parties in ads systematic efforts to mislead voters on most issues deceitful pol advertising high bc libel laws not a practical deterrent unlike in UK no federal "truth in pol advertising" regulation bc of 1st amendment constitutional protection for commercial speech congress hesitant on policy making FTC and FDA have rules - but must wait for consumers to report violations state gov consumer fraud laws against claims that are: (1) false (2) unsubstantiated (3) likely to mislead consumers Nestle sells formula to women in slums women don't have clean water, resources, etc. babies die, are malnutritioned, etc. "market expansion vs. lives" FCC rules limit advertising in different time slots enforced VERY loosely -> replies to complaints we have anti-gov feelings so FCC doesn't have $ to check ads media CAN refuse to sell time to commercial advertisers Ludlow Massacre - 1914 coal mining Rockafeller family 25 miners, wives, and kids killed by National Guard while on strike economic power strike for a few pennies more Ivy Lee - PR agent; put a positive spin on murder "Poison" Ivy Lee: PR hired by Hitler to present a positive spin on Holocaust Edward Bernase: PR hired in US propaganda office to put down our enemies Johnson & Johnson Tylenol tampering; poison put in (before seals); 1980s recalled and reimbursed everyone instead of not taking responsibility, they opened a 2 way dialogue to invest in public used PR to open dialogue who you work for is what PR is determined by either political propaganda, positive spin, or public relations/open dialogue Grassroots people who encourage election of so & so "astroturf" supporters: paid 'groupies' bloggers are paid PR agent creates grass roots Hill & Knowlton US hires them to spread word to public about Kuwait "premature babies thrown around" said by 11 yr old US ambassador's child lied about reality false evidence advertising and PR -> highest paying jobs in journalism Chapter Seven: Digital Age processing information collect raw material slice/dice and package save and storage of raw and manufactured info/products transmission access sharing storage for how long how much info how to access it want to copy it, share it previous storage technology from China - Egypt - Japan cave paintings, stone carvings 4 BCE Papyrus - parchment 2 CE paper developed in China, transmitted to Europe via Middle East 1800s: cheaper paper of wood pulp (Scandinavian) 1890s: US Census - punched paper cards 1930s-1940s: electronic computers, analog to digital 1950s: magnetic storage on hard discs, floppy discs, tape 1980s: first optical (light-based) digital CD-ROMS 1990s: optical digital video discs, MP3s, DVRs, TiVo, flash storage, memory sticks, internet 2000s: nanotechnology (ultra-small) societal consequences beware technological determination papyrus: decentralization -> centralization of power printing press: literary, trade magnetic audio and video tape: see Nixon in Russian taped coverage of his office proceedings historical record, evidence: LA PD beat up truck driver mercilessly and it was caught on tape issues in chapter how to store SO MUCH: compress it by encoding how to find it: search engines (general, specialized vertical) how to pay for searches: tiny hyperlink ads thanks to Tim Berners-Lee info overload: slow response, errors interactivity enabled by digital media: sender power reduced, different ways we "interface" - remote control, keyboard, mouse, screens of different kinds, stylus, GUIs ethics trust (interacting with computer programs) freedom vs control technology manipulations (e.g. hacking) tech-enhanced effects (e.g. video games violence) keyword ticks