Nov 16 2010 Flash Cards
Anthropology 270 with Snodgrass at University of Oregon
About this deck
By: SMILEY BANANA
Textbook:
Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 19 flashcards
Views: 16
Textbook:
Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 EditionCreated: 2010-12-09
Size: 19 flashcards
Views: 16
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Race
Species, Nationality, Religious identity, Ethnic/cultural group
biologically: sub-species
Variation
Historically: "race"
Humans are biologically variable in phenotype but relatively homogenous genotype
Linnaeus (1758)
1st attempt at human classification
Skin color, head size and shape, geography, and perceived intelligence and behavior
Biological Determinism
Physical/Behavioral link
Johann Blumenbach
1752 - 1840
Classic Races: Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid, American Indian, Australoid
Emphasis on measurement and empirical investigation of differences (Anthropometry and Craniometry)
Emphasized FIXITY of differences and heirarchy of Worth (Ranking)
Context of colonialism
Cephalic Index
Maximum cranial breadth / maximum cranial length x 100
Thought to be a precise scientific technique for classifying humans (Blumenbach)
Eugenics
The philosophy of "race improvement"; idea that controlled selective breeding can improve the human species
Eugenics movement in the US and Europe
- 60,000 Americans sterilized against their will
Nazi pseudoscience and idea of racial purity - Aryan ancestry
Francis Galton
1822-1911
Eugenics scientist
Post WWII Shift
Evolutionary theory as unifying framework for studying human biological variation
- Typology
Race should not be used because of misuse/abuse of the term in the past
Major problems with the concept of race as applied to describing human biological variation
-Biological vs social concepts of race
Typology
"population thinking"
Washburn
importance of variation
Race in Biological Category
Race = Sub-Species
use the term "population" to refer to a breeding unit
for a populations to be a sub-species it must:
- be geographically distinct
- have discrete variation
- be genetically distinct
Human variation not consistent with biological races
Polytypic
A polytypic species has two or more subspecies, races or more generally speaking, populations that need a separate description
Phenotypic Variation
Different traits lead to different groupings. Choice of traits is arbitrary.
Environment affects expression of polygenic traits (Developmental Plasticity)
Most "racial" traits polygenic with continuous variation
Developmental Plasticity
Boas
Height and cranial shape
Polygenic traits
Continuous variation
most traits used historically for racial classification display continuous variation
No simple divisions
most of these traits are influenced by multiple genes and are also influenced by environmental factors
Natural biological units
"races"
using phenotypic traits humans cant be divided into natural biological units
not true today
not true in the past
does not deny the existence of biological variation
Problems of Genetic data
Humans remarkably uniform genetically
Humans genetically homogenous, showing extremely low levels of genetic variation relative to common chimps
Most variation within populations, not between "races"
Different criteria and results from phenotypic bases
"Pure race"
No such thing
Based on the idea that in the pat, "races" were composed of individuals who conformed to idealized types
- Evolutionary theory tells us variation is critical
- Pure breeds (example: dogs) have genetic problems
Patterning of Genetic Variations
Most variation within populations
Lewontin (blood groups & proteins)
Relethford (classical genetic markers & DNA)
85% of variation within populations
About this deck
By: SMILEY BANANA
Textbook: Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 Edition
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 19 flashcards
Views: 16
Textbook:
Introduction to Physical Anthropology 2009-2010 EditionCreated: 2010-12-09
Size: 19 flashcards
Views: 16
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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