NS 1410 test 4
Food Science And Human Nutrition 1410 with Simnacher at Texas Tech University
About this deck
By: Trevor Sharp
Created: 2012-04-16
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 44
Created: 2012-04-16
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 44
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components of blood
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells transporting Oxygen)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets (clotting)
- Plasma (fluid)
Factors altering Iron digestion
- individual's iron status
- level of dietary iron consumption
- type of iron in foods
- amount of stomach acid
- dietary factors
Enhancers of iron absorption
- Meat Factor (found in meat, fish, poultry)
- Stomach Acid (reduces ferric 3 to ferric 2, which is more soluble in small intestine)
- Vitamin C (acid reduces ferric 3 to 2, forms soluble iron - ascorbic acid complex in stomach)
Inhibitors of iron absorption
impair absorption by binding with the iron, forms insoluble particle
- Phytates (found in tea, coffee, legumes, rice and whole grains)
- Polyphenols (found in oregano and red wine)
- Vegetable proteins, fiber and calcium, milk, soy, whole grains.)
Food sources of iron
- red meat
- poultry
- fish
- shellfish
- eggs
food sources of zinc
- red meats
- some seafood
- whole grains
- enriched grains and cereals
food sources of copper
- organ meats
- seafood
- nuts, seeds
- whole grain foods
- cocoa
- mushrooms
- legumes
food sources of Vitamin K
- green leafy vegetables
- cabbage type veggies
food sources of Folate B12
- fortification to minimize birth defects
- enriched breads
- flours, pasta, grain products
- whole grains
- liver
- spinach, lentils, asparagus
- dried beans
- oatmeal
function of Iron
- hemoglobin - carries oxygen
function of Zinc
- Coenzyme for hemoglobin production
- maintain protein structures (immune system)
- Regulate gene expression
function of Copper
- coenzyme for energy metabolism and collagen production
- part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system
- required for iron transport
function of Vitamin K
synthesis of blood coagulating proteins
function of Folate
- DNA synthesis
- Critical to cell division in embryos
- metabolism
iron deficiency
- most common in world
- 3 stages
- high risk include: infants, young children, preadolescent girls, premenopausal women, pregnant women
iron toxicity
- most common cause of poisoning death in children
- damage to heart, CNS, liver, kidney
- Hemochromatosis: excessive dietary iron/ altered iron storage
zinc deficiency
- uncommon in U.S.
- growth retardation
- Poor wound healing
zinc toxicity
- depressed immune function
- interference with copper and iron absorption
- causes copper or iron def.
copper deficiency
- anemia, reduced white blood cells, osteoporosis in children
copper toxicity
- not well studied
- pain, nausea, vomiting, liver damage
Vitamin K deficiency
- blood fails to clot
- excessive bleeding and hemorrhaging
Vitamin K toxicity
no known effects/non toxic
Folate deficiency
- macrocytic anemia
- Neural tube defect
Toxicity of folate
- can mask vitamin B12 deficiency
food sources of B12
- exclusively from animal sources
function of B12
- DNA synthesis
- maintains myelin sheath of nerve fibers
- metabolism of homocysteine
B12 deficiency
Macrocytic anemia - can develop pernicious anemia
B12 toxicity
no known effects
Vascular Disease
(causes)
(causes)
high levels of homocysteine (due to low B12 and Folate levels)
Vascular Disease
(2 types)
(2 types)
- Cardiovascular
- Cerebrovascular
Anemia
(3 types)
(3 types)
- iron deficiency anemia
- pernicious anemia
- macrocytic anemia
Vascular disease
(cause)
(cause)
Low folate or B12 increase amount of homocysteine
Iron-deficient Anemia
(cause)
(cause)
iron deficiency results in small red blood cells
Koilonychias
spoon nails - weird nails from iron-d anemia
Pernicious anemia
(cause)
(cause)
loss of specific stomach cells, leads to loss of B12 and inadequate intrinsic factor
Macrocytic anemia
(cause)
(cause)
folate or B12 deficiency
BMR
Basal Metabolic Rate
- energy expended to maintain resting functions of the body
BMR components
- circulation
- respiration
- temperature maintenance
- synthesis of new tissue
- nerve activity
- hormone secretion
BMR increases...
more lean body mass, stress or growth
BMR decreases...
with age and during energy restriction
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.
BMI classifications
<18.5 underweight
18.5-24.9 normal
25-29.9 overweight
30-39 obese
<30 morbidly obese
18.5-24.9 normal
25-29.9 overweight
30-39 obese
<30 morbidly obese
BMI Limitations
- can overestimate body fat in athletes
- may underestimate body fat in older people
Densitrometry
most accurate method - underwater
Anthropometry
skinfold method - most accurate IF you have a trained person taking measurements
conductivity
depends on several factors - fairly accurate
Fat Distribution Patterns
-apple - greater risk of heart disease
-pear - healthier
-pear - healthier
appropriate weight loss
1-2 lbs per week
gradual change in energy intake
gradual change in energy intake
appropriate weight gain
- consume 500-1,000 extra calories per day
- eat frequently throughout the day
Thrifty Gene Theory:
some people possess a gene or genes that causes them bo be energetically thrifty, resulting in them expending less energy at rest and during physical activity.
set-point theory
proposes that each person's weight stays within a small range (a set-point) and the body will compensate to keep the weight in that range.
high fat, low carb, high protein diets
- cause ketosis
- nutritionally inadequate
moderate fat, high carb, moderate protein diets
effective and nutritionally adequate
low fat/very low fat diets
effective, difficult to maintain over time
treatments for obesity
- low calorie diets/regular exercise
- prescription medications
- surgery
- Vertical banded gastroplasty
- gastric bypass
- gastric banding
weight loss surgery
- only for morbid obesity
- serious surgery/varied outcomes and possible complications
- often successful
- should not be last choice
meridia
(sibutramine)
(sibutramine)
decreases appetite by altering neurotransmitters
xenical
(orlistat)
(orlistat)
inhibits pancreatic lipase and decreases fat absorption
Eating Disorder
psychiatric condition involving long term eating patterns that harm the body
Disordered Eating
- binge eating
- chronic over eating
- chronic dieting
anorexia nervosa
- extremely restrictive eating practices
- self starvation
- intense fear of weight gain
- stopping menstrual cycle
anorexia nervosa
(health risks)
(health risks)
- electrolyte imbalance
- cardiovascular problems
- gastrointestinal problems
- bone problems
bulimia nervosa
- large amounts of food disappear
- frequent trips to the bathroom after a meal/smell of vomit
- excessive exercise
- withdrawal from friends/family
- comments about weight loss or diet primary concern
bulimia nervosa
(health risks)
(health risks)
- electrolyte imbalance
- gastrointestinal problems
- dental problems
- calluses on backs of hands or knuckles
- swelling of the cheeks or jaw area
anorexia nervosa
(treatment)
(treatment)
- restore to a healthy weight
- treat complications
- encourage healthful behaviors
- correct dysfunctional feelings toward the eating disorder
- enlist help of family/friends
bulimia nervosa
(treatment)
(treatment)
- identify/modify events that trigger behaviors
- monitor and alter thought patterns related to body image
- include family/friends for support
4 components of physical fitness
- flexibility
- strength
- cardioresperatory fitness
- body composition
5 aspects to a sound fitness program
- meets personal goals
- it's fun
- includes variety and consistency
- appropriately overloads the body
- includes warm up and cool down
benefits of physical activity
(5)
(5)
reduced risk of:
- heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure
- obesity
- type 2 diabetes
- osteoporosis
- colon cancer (maybe)
amount of active adults in U.S.
less than half the current population
FIT principle
Frequency, Intensity, Time
fuels needed for activity
- ATP constantly generated
- creatine posphate
- glucose
- lactic acid
- carbohydrates
nutrition for physical activity
- carbohydrates
- fat
- protein
- maintaining water balance
About this deck
By: Trevor Sharp
Created: 2012-04-16
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 44
Created: 2012-04-16
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 44
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis