Nut Exam 1 Flashcards

1. observe (a phenomenon)

2. formulate hypothesis (educated guess)

3. perform experiment to test hypothesis

4. publish findings in peer reviewed journal - replicated findings of experiment by independent experiments

5. peer rvw of results

hypothesis: worded in positive way (eating garlic prevents cancer)

null hypohtesis: worded in negative way (eating garlic does not prevent cancer)

studies of populations.

3 types:

(a) cross sectional

(b) case control

(c) cohort

epidemiological study

-choose 2 populations that fit study.... find out _______

-only shows association btwn ___ not causation

-can be "confounding" populations differ in many ways

studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members

Ex: half subjects (experimental subjects) follow advice while the other half (control subjects) do not, both monitored

-randomly divide population into 2

-tell group 1 to do something and tell group 2 not to

-ask both groups questions and track ppl

benefits: no misclassification or confounding

problems: placebo effect

(want this to be as low as possible)

-energy

-oxygen

-nutrients, including water

blood and lymph deliver nutrients to all the body's cells and carry waste materials away from them

-blood also delivers oxygen to the cells

nervous system joins the hormonal system

-together they respond to the need for food, the act of eating, regulate digestion, and call for the stress response

-regulate body processes thru commication among all the organs

-together respond to the need for food, act of eating, regulate digestion, and call for the stress response

inflammation

-chronic inflammation may play roles in disease development

sweet, salty, and fatty taste

-can lead to overconsumption of foods that offer them

moves food thru its various processing chambers by mechanical means.

-mechanical actions incluse chewing, mixing by the stomach, adding fluid and moving the tract's contents by peristalsis

-after digestion and absorption, wastes are excreted

-in mouth, where food is mixed w an enzyme in saliva that acts on carbs

-continues in stomach, where stomach enzymes & acid break down protein

-moves into small intestine; there liver and gallbladder contribute bile that emulsifies fat & pancreas & small intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion so absorption can occur -bacteria in colon break down certain fibers

the folds and villi of the small intestine enlarge its surface area

-these transport systems then deliver the nutrients to all the body's cells

to facilitate nutrient absorption thru countless cells to the blood and lymph.

-these transport systems then deliver the nutrients to all the body's cells

adjust the blood's composition in response to the body's needs, disposing of everyday wastes and helping remove toxins.

-nutrients, including water, and exercise help keep the kidneys healthy

-glycogen in muscle and liver cells (in limited quantities)

-fat in fat cells (in potentially large quantities)

other tissues store other nutrients

nutrients from outside.

-these have to be supplied thru a human being's conscious food choices

-All fluids circilate 2 all parts of the body

-Arteries,heart,veins

white blood cells

-Lymphocytes and phagocytes

Hormones=chemical messengers

-Insulin, Glucagon

-regulate blood sugar levels

-gets message from dig. system

-allows kids to know when their actually hungry

-nerves release neurotransmitters

Mainutrition and infection worsen eachother

-Bodys defence against infection

-white blood cells

-tube thru body, food moves thru from intake 2 discreation

-mouth, esophogas, stomach, small intes, large intes, recton, anus

-The smallest unit in which independent life can exist

-All living things are single cells or organisms made of cells

Systems of cells working together to perform specialized tasks

-muscles, nerves,blood,bone

Discrete structual units made of tissues that perform speific jobs

-heart, liver, brain

Lungs, liver, and kidneys

-removes toxians from the body

-good supply of all nutrients

liver- stores carbes in form of glycogen

-Muscles- own storage system store glycogen also

-Fat cells- storage 4 extra cals that dont burn adaguate tissues

any of a great number of working proteins that speed up a specific chemical reaction, such as breaking bonds of a nutrient, w.out undergoing hcange themselves.

-performs cellular work, directed by genes

-blood

-lymph

-supply tissues with energy, oxygen, and nutrients

-carry away waste materials

= chemical messengers.... acting on other organs to maintain constant conditions

-chemicals that r secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation

-sweet

-sour

-bitter

-salty

-umami (savory)

-flexible, muscular tube that digest food + absorbs its nutrients + some nonnutrients *ancillary digestive organs aide digestion

-leaves behind substances, such as fiber, that r appropriate to excrete.

-works on 2 levels: mechanical + chemical