PGS 101 EXAM 2

Psychology 101 with Mae at Arizona State University - Tempe

About this deck

By: Sara Macias
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 97 flashcards
Views: 740

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Circadian Rhythms

- About 24 hours

Natural Sleep

- light

- body temperature

Resetting the biological clock

- Retina

- Hypothalamus

- suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN)

- Pineal Gland

- Melatonin

SCN sends messages to ..

the pineal gland

Pineal Gland

releases melatonin

Melatonin

adjusts clock

awake

beta (lo v, hi f)

drowsy

alpha

stage 1

theta, few minutes

stage 2

sleep spindles, mixed waves ~20 minutes

stage 3&4

Delta (hi v, lo f) ~30 minutes

REM

(lo v, hi f) most dreaming

Functions of sleep

- protective

- restorative

- growth

Insomnia

persistent problems falling or staying asleep

Dreams

- story-like

- day residue

- mostly mundane

Theories of Dreaming

- Wish fulfillment

- information processing / problem solving view

- activation synthesis

EEG

is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

Wish fulfillment

FREUD - the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs in a disguised fashion

Problem-solving view

Cartwright- We mull over major problems in our lives with reduced logical consultants

Activation synthesis

Hobson & McCarley - the cortex constructs a story to make sense of internal signs from lower brain centers

classical conditioning

learning by association

unconditional stimulus (UCS)

- naturally evokes UCR

unconditioned Response (UCR)

- natural response to UCS

conditioned stimulus (CS)

- learned, evokes CR

conditioned response

- response to CS

stimulus generalization

- CR "spreads" to similar stimuli

stimulus discrimination

- CR is restricted to specific stimuli

Acquisition

form a new CR

extinction

banish a CR

spontaneous recovery

CR reappears after extinction and non-exposure

operant conditioning

reinforcement (reward) and punishment : skinner's box ( the rat)

reinforcement

- delayed reinforcement

- primary reinforcement

- secondary reinforcement

reinforcement schedules

determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer. Continuous & Intermittent

4 types of consequences

- give something pleasant : + reinforcement

- remove something unpleasant: - reinforcement

- give something unpleasant: + punishment

- remove something unpleasant: - punishment

Observational learning

- Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

Necessary to observational learning

- attention

- retention

- reproduction

- motivation

Pavlov

- classic conditioning

high-ordered conditioning

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

shaping

consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

continuos reinforcement

occurs when every instance of designated response is reinforced

intermittent reinforcement

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

primary reinforcements

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

secondary reinforcements

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

instinctive drift

the tendency for animal's innate responses to interfere with conditioning processing

three processes of memory

- encoding

- storage

- retrieval

3 forms of encoding

1) phonetic

2) structural

3) semantic

supersize encoding..

personal relevance

3 types of storage

- sensory memory

- working memory

- long-term memory

sensory memory

couple seconds

working memory

limited, magic 7, 20 seconds

long-term memory

unlimited

retrieval serial effects

- primacy effects

- recency effects

structural encoding

emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

phonemic encoding

emphasizes what a word sounds like

semantic encoding

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

levels of processing

- shallow processing

- intermediate processing

- deep processing

sensory memory

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

short-term memory

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds

rehearsal

way to maintain information in short term store indefinitely. process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

long-term memory

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

conceptual hierarchy theory

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

schema

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories for events that occurred prior to head injury

anterograde amnesia

loss of memories for events that occurred after a head injury

declarative memory

memory for factual information

semantic memory

general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

episodic memory

chronological or temporally dated, recollection of personal experiences

procedural memory

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional responses

problem solving

- active efforts to achieve a goal

types of problems

- structure problems

- arrangement problems

- transformation problems

structural problems

require to people to discover the relations among numbers, words, symbols or ideas.

arrangement problems

require people to arrange the parts of the problems in a way that satisfies some criterion

transformation problems

require people to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal

irrelevant information

one barrier of problem solving,

functional fixedness

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

mental set

exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

unnecessary constraints

need to assume any constraints that don't exist

approaches to problem solving

- trial & error

- heuristics

- forming subgroups

- working backward

- search for analogies

- change the representation

Risky Decision making factors

-objective value

- subjective utility

-subjective probabilities

availability bias

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

representativeness bias

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

conjunction fallacy

an error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

gambler's fallacy

the belief that the odd's of a chance event increase even if the event hasn't occurred recently

3 criteria of language

1) symbolic

2) structured

3) infinitely generated

structure of language

-phonemes

- morphemes

- syntax

phonemes

smallest unit of sound

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning in a language

syntax

a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into a sentence

vocabulary spurt

~18 months

holophrases

single word sentences

telegraphic speech

consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted

mentalinguistic awareness

the ability to reflect on the use of language

theories of language acquisition

- behaviorist

- nativist

-interactionist

Behaviorist

Skinner

- imitation, reinforcement

Nativist

Chomski

- innate language acquisition device

-original sentences

-overregulations

interactionist

combination of behaviorist and nativist

linguistic relativity

Whorf

the hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thoughts

About this deck

By: Sara Macias
Created: 2011-03-06
Size: 97 flashcards
Views: 740

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy