Photosynthesis

StudyBlue printing of Photosynthesis html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; 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-moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Capturing and Converting Energy Light Energy Light is a form of the electromagnetic energy or radiation The visible light is only a portion of the entire spectrum, but it is the energy that drives photosynthesis (primarily red and blue) Chloroplasts Three membranes (Outer Membrane, Inner Membrane, Granum (plural = grana) - stacks of sacs Thylakoid - one sac Stroma - fluid outside the thylakoids Chlorophyll and other pigments in thylakoid membranes Requirements Products Carbon Dioxide Glucose water Oxygen Sunlight energy Chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments C 6 H 12 O 6 + → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATP Leaf Structure Cuticle Epidermis Mesophyll cells Vascular tissue Guard cells Stomata Reaction Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight yields Glucose and Oxygen Gas 6CO 2 + 6H 2O delta above arrow C6H12O6 + 6O2 Pigments are substances that absorb and reflect light When they do, their electrons are excited to a higher energy level This energy may be lost as heat, re-emitted as light or trigger a chemical reaction (Photosynthesis) Series of Reactions Light absorption by chlorophyll (energy capture) Light dependent reactions - take place inside thylakoid Light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) - take place in stroma (protein rich solution surrounding the grana) Photosystems Photosystems I and II Clusters of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments These pigments are excited by light and energy is funneled to a reaction center Electrons in the chlorophyll molecules are excited, boosted away from the molecule and passed from one carrier molecule to another in an electron transport chain Electron Transport Train (Thylakoid) Simplified Electron Transport Train Diagram The ses electrons are picked up by the electron carrier NADP + to NADPH The elecron lost by the chlorophyll are replaced by some from the splitting of a water Molecule 2H 2 O → 4H + 4e - and O 2 gas The hydrogen ions from water build up inside the thylakoid space creating a concentration gradient and a charge gradient (potential energy) These hydrogen ions move out of the thylakoid through an enzyme pore (ATP synthase) and the energy generated adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP: chemiosmosis At the end of the light reactions, the cell has stored energy in the form of ATP and NADPH Released oxygen gas Used water Light - Independent Reactions Take place in the stroma A circular series of reactions that take carbon dioxide and the products of the light reactions to create the organic molecule (glucose) Also called the Calvin Cycle Intermediate compounds in this series can provide the raw materials for almost everything needed by the cell.