Pnb FIrst Part

StudyBlue printing of Pnb FIrst Part html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Lecutre 1 Anatomy: to cut open Physiology: the study of nature, the integration of physics and chemistry. - Study of how biological structures function. Homeostasis: maintain a stable internal environment Retinitis Pigmentosa: the rods and cones in this area are not functioning properly due to retinitis pigmentosa Halorhodopsin added to monkeys allows them to regereate thier seeing Gross anatomy- structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. Surface - superficial/ deep structures Microscopic Anatomy- structures that are too small to be seen with the unaided eyes Cytology- study of cell Histology- study of tissue Connectomics- going from microscopic to gross anatomy Used more on animals How the connections inside take place DSI - Diffusion Spectrum Imaging: allows the ability to determine directionality All positions are based upon the anatomic positon Planes- Coronal frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transversal plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts Midsaggital planes divides the body into equal left and right halves Saggital plane can be anywere diving left and right Regional Anatomy Axial- head neck and trunk Appendicular- Upper and lower limb appendages Body cavities- Allows for movment Abdominopeliv cavity- Adominal and pelivic cavity Thoractic cavity - medistriatum - between lungs - pericardial cavidy - diaphram cavity- Pleural Cavity is on outside of lung Heart Cavity- Three layers. Parietal pericardium is the outer layer. Pericardial cavity with serous fluid is between this and the visceral pericardium is on the inside. Ballow hand effect. Homeostasis- The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal enviromonet even though the external enviromonet is changing continuously (ignore book) Indicates a balance in which internal conditons vary within a narrow range Pre exeisting set point-- stimulus changes in internal environment- Receptors detect- controlcenter compares change to set point and fixes - changes and then its backto normal Set points- The control ranges around the set point which is more like a range Temperatures control-- goes to sensing receptors-- CNS integrating center-- body responce -- back to set point Negative feedback: Prevents sudden severe changes in body, counteracts bodily disruption, most common Initial stimulus-- responce -- stimulus decreses - response loop shuts off and back to normal Positive feedback: not homeostasis amplifies the stimulus and sending the organism farther from setpoint Initial stimulus causes responce which increases stimulus which stimulates the responce Contractions of pregnancy are all due to positive feedback loop All systems are connected by extracellular fluid and is maintianed 2nd Lecture Fxn of plasma membrane: physical barrier, gateway for exchange, communication, Site of attachment to other cells and extracellular and intracellular protiens to attach. They attach to the cytoskeleton Need aqua pores for water to diffuse in Three types of membrane protiens, Intergral - span membrane peripheral and lipid anchoring can move and achor with fatty acid tail Passive transport- does not require energy from the cell. material moves from aregion of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion 4 types of diffusion. Simple diffusion- Net movement doesnt stop. Passive process, high concentraion to low, rapid over short distances, related to temperature, inversely related to molecular size, in open system or across a partition. Higher faster smaller faster Fix's law. Diffsuion is perportional to size of molecule, Preportional to permeability, wider the surface harder to diffusion, Surface area is preportional Rate of diffusion = surface area x concentraion gradient x membrane perm/ membrane thickness Osmosis- water moves from regions of higher H2O cencentraion to region of lower H2O concentraion facilitated diffusion- Goes to equillibrium and then goes back and forth till it reaches equilibraium then it is converted to keep it moving. bulk filtration- mass movement of large amounts of molecules in the same direction Active transport- Requires energy. Materials are moved against a concentration gradient Ion channels = membrane protiens that act as passive conductures in which simple diffusion keeps going through How Ion cannels are activated- voltage, ligand gated extra and intracellular, Mechanically gated Ion channels can be selective they have multiple subunits with an area called ion selectivity filter to select for channels. Aqua pore where it the ions bind to water and stay ready to diffuse, gate can be on the end or in the selectivity filter. To select carbonyl group acts with potassium idem to remove its shell Potassium is surrounded by water which energy is enormous to remove. The selectivty filter as potassium diffuses it thinks its in water and requires almost no energy Sodium is smaller and not energetically favored because of the dehydration of the water Channelopathies- disease or disorders that are associated with ion channel dysfunction can be grouped together as Channelopathies Not just having the mutation can mean that you have the dissorder there is a degree of pentreanec and other factors that contribue to this PA63 Anthrax is releases a mount of factors and the antigen goes to endsomes and makes a pore which allows things to go through A-Hemosylin causes lyses Venomes have toxins that attack specific ion chanels Carrier protiens- Transporters can facilitate active or passive transport and are not designed for speed but is dessigned for capacity They cycle between different comformation in whcih as solute binds to the binding site and then is acessible on one side of the membrane or other, Occulsion state, A state where the solute is not accessible either inside or outside. With carrioer protien there is never an open channel all the way through. Types of transporters / carrier protiens. Uniporter which is passive, Symporter and Antiporters which are active. Active transport. Primary directly requires ATP. Secondary utilizes energy stored in a pre-existing concentration gradient. Uses pre-existing concentraiton gradient 3 na to 2 k Secondary Active Transport. Transport of multiple different solutes the moevement of one or more solute down thier concentration gradients provide energy for another transport agaisnt it. Can be symporter or antiporter. Binding of first moelcule allows for the second to come in. Glucose transport-- Na+ gluclose symporter brings glucose into the cell againts it gradient using energy stored in the NA concetraion gradient. The comes out from transfer glucose to ECF by facilated diffusion. Na K and ATP pump then regulates the channels Insulin Secretion- High glucose in blood leads to glucose comming in due to glut transporter which leads to atp due to normal CAC which closes a K atp channel which causes the cell to depolarize and let in Ca++ molecules to come in and trigger exocytosis of insulin Lecture 3 ECM- has protien fibers,salts, H2O macromollecules and is different depending on the cell Epithelial- Covers exposed surfaces, Lines internal Passageways, Forms Glands Connective Tissue- Fills internal Spaces, Supports other tissues, Transports Materials, Stores Energy in form of fat Muscle Tissue- Speciallzed for contraction and generate heat Neural Tissue- Carries eletrical signals fro mone part of the tissue/body to another Epithelia Tissue Physical Protection from dehyrdation, abrasion, physical, chemical and biological agents Selective permeability regulates the passage of certain molecules in or out of a certain region of the body Secreation beause some epithelial cells produces sweat or saliva Sensations- Possess nerve endings that can detect light taste sound smell and hearing Structre. Cellularity with polarity of apical and basal surfaces. Attached to the basal lamina. They are Avascularity and have regeneration. There are 3 layesr the epithelium basal lamina and retiuclar laminia the last 2 makingup the basement membrane. Basal lamina made by excreted tissue from cells is what the cells attach to. They sit upon connecftve tissue. To attach tothe basal lamina epithelial cells use adhesion molecules. Types of gap junctions. Tight juctions, Adhering Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions Tight Junction always happens between different cells and surrounds them. They are always at the top and creates semes to stop tissues from moving between celll. Adhering junction are actin filament based systems known as the zonula adherens. They encicle the cell immediately adjacent to all its neighbors. They are located deep to the trype junction and are based upoin actin fillaments. It is located around the middle fo the cell. Desmosomes- Button desmosomes ties cell together. Allows bending and twisting, Provides resistance to the mechanical stress at single point while not enciricling the cell Gap Junctions. Allows rapid communcations btetween cells through channels called connexons. They open and close allowing shit in. Classification of Epithelial Tissue. By number of layers and shape. Exchane Epithelia- Leaky exchange between epithelium lalows movement through gaps between cells such as capillary epithelium.. Has pores Transporting epithelia- Tight juntins with each cell Ciliated epithelia- Have microvilli and ciliia alows for movment in different directions Secretory Epithelia Glands. Produces mucin, Hormoes, Enzymes and Waste. Can be endo or exocrine. Endocrine is ductless and secrete directly into the intersitial fluid or blood streme. Exocrine possess ducts and thier cells secrete thier products into thier ducts. Almost all exocrine is derived from epithelial. Goblet cells- Allpws to secerte mucus Development of endo and exocrine gland. Epithelial move sinto connective tissue. Shapes of epithelia based on shape and layear. Squamous simple is flat. There is also stratified too. There is cubodial which can be both and columnar.(organs) Connective Tissue: most abbudnant. Fxn is to connect one structure to anthoer. ve tien fibers and mix o pofftoe w ecm salts and h20 Apoptosis is programed cell death compared to nerosis which is uncontroled cell death due to lises Lecture 5 Calcium is one of the most important ions Release of nerotransmitters and contractions Only 45 percent is not bound and is the free form for using intracellular calcium lvl is -100 nm to 80 the spiking allows for huge effect. Calcium also stored in ER. Calcium also in mitrochondrians which funcion is to lower the ca in the inside Cells have buffers for calcium so for every 200 ca 1 free PTH mobilizes calcium from bone enchances renal reabosrption from calcium, stimulates the release of calcitriol- Calcitonin then decreaes bone resorption and increasees renal calcium excretion when Ca is high chief cells in parathyroid recognize hyperthroid also increases phosphate uptake bone remodeling- set precureser then osteoclast comes and eats it. then osteoblast r laywed down with osteoprogenitors are plased on top. Bone is then remodeled allows for older bone to removed and every 12 year almost all bone rmodeled Osteoporois resutlts in long term imbalnce in bone matrix deposition and reopsortion. Treatments are estrogen replacement this causes breast cancer so it has been reomved as a cure Preventable risk factors are low dietary calcium and lack of exercise Osteopetrosis marble bone dissease which bone becomes harden and denser and they are more brittle than normal a Bone Markings Processes muscle contact with bone Marks are of muscle and ligament attachment Ridges lines on bone surface Foraminae, Opening for nerves and blood vessels