Practical 3
Anatomy & Physiology 202 with Selvam at University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
About this deck
By: Sarah Polar
Created: 2011-12-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 15
Created: 2011-12-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 15
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Types of sensory receptors
Touch
Temperature
Pain
Pressure
Sensation
detecting physical energy in the environment and encoding it as neural signals, neurons transmit the information from the sense organ to the brain
Perception
The way your brain interprets the information - mental processes that organize and interpret info that has been transmitted to the brain
Smell receptors
Neurons
Smell interpretation
molecules dissolve in mucus
bind to receptor sites of cilia of olfactory hairs
nerve impulse!
formina of cribiform plate and olfactory bulb
temporal/inferior frontal lobe for INTERPRETATION!
Taste receptors
taste cells (epithelium on tongue)
Taste interpretation
molecules bind to receptor cell
neurotransmitters secreted and action potential in sensory neuron
medulla oblongata/thalamus
insula lobe of cerebrum
Vascular conjunctiva
membrane covering eye except cornea, keeps eye from drying out
Lacrimal gland
produces fluid that cleanses eye/prevents infection
Cornea
allows light into eye
Pupil
controls nof light passing through cornea
Iris
smooth muscle controlling size of the pupil
Lens
focuses incoming rays to back surface of eye (retina)
muscles stretch to bend light to the right angle
Rods
dim light
100 million
located in peripheral retina
Cones
- bright light
- 6.5 million
- color vision
- located on fovea
- sensitive to certain wavelengths of visible light
Optic disc
- where nerve fibers of retina leave to the eye to become part of the optic nerve
- BLIND SPOT
Sight Perception
- Sensory impulse from optic nerve
- Thalamus
- Primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
- Perception of visual image
Hearing range
20 to 20,000 hertz (wavelengths/sec)
Pitch
different frequencies that stimulate different hair cells
Loudness
intensity of sound in decibels
Pharyngotympanic tube
connects middle ear and pharynx to maintain the same pressure in the outer and middle ears
What causes permanent damage?
90+ decibels
Sound perception
- Auricle (gathers sound waves)
- External acoustic meatus
- tympanic membrane (ear drum)
1. Middle ear auditory ossicles conduct and amplify waves from ear drum
2. Oval window
3. fluids of cochlea in inner ear
4. hair cells of spiral organ stimulated
5. nerve impulse over cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve into brain
6. auditory cortex
7. HEARING! :D
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
Growth cone
tip of growing axon that senses and uses chemical signals to fine their targets
Pathfinding
the process of axons finding the right neuron to connect to
pioneer neurons
leader neurons whose axons other neurons follow to connect to targets
attractive cues
growth cones steer axons toward attractive cues
repulsive cues
growth cones steer axons toward attractive cues
Dendrites
receive sensory input
Axon
carries sensory input to target cells
Myelin sheath
insulation to enhance signal transduction in axons
Synapse
formed when neurons are ready to functionally interact with each other
Multipolar
Many dendrites, one axon
Bipolar
One dendrite, one axon
NORMAL
Unipolar
Dendrite leads directly to axon
>.......o....<
CNS: Astrocyte
Blood-brain barrier
CNS: Microglia
phagocytes - eat things!! nom
CNS: Oligodendrocytes
myelin around MANY neurons
CNS: Ependymal cells
line ventricles, secrete and help circulate CSF
PNS: Schwann cells
produce myelin around ONE neuron
PNS: Satellite cells
support cell body regions/ganglia
Multiple sclerosis
degeneration of myelin sheath in CNS
How many pairs of cranial nerves?
12!
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31!
Endoneurium
smallest CT layer
around each nerve fiber
Perineurium
middle CT layer
around each fascicle
Epineurium
outside CT layer
around entire nerve
Spinal cord
column of nerve fibers that goes down vertebral canal
Dorsal root
Sensory
Dorsal root ganglion
receives sensory input
Ventral root
motor
Processed info?
leaves spinal cord through ventral horn from ventral root
Enlarged ventral horns
hold cells bodies of motor neurons that control muscles
Gray matter
Central region of cell bodies, processing center for reflexes and synaptic integration
White matter
axons, containing ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
Meninges
fibrous CT separating nervous system from skeletal system
Outer meninge layer
Dura mater
blood vessels/adipose tissue
Middle meninge layer
Arachnoid mater
CSF, protective cushion for spinal cord
Inner meninge layer
Pia mater
Tell me a function of the brain.
Issues motor commands to skeletal muscles!
Another function of the brain!
Higher mental abilities
Another brain function!!!!
Coordinates muscle movement!!
Frontal lobe
- long term memory
- attention
- decision making process
- higher order mental function
Parietal lobe
- integration of sensory information
- spacial sense
- navigation
Temporal lobe
- Auditory perception
- hippocampus
- cerebellum (near)
Hippocampus
- long term memory
- fear conditioning
Occipital lobe
- visual perception
- depth perception
- motion perception
Cerebellum
- Motor coordination
- Precision
- Accurate timing
Afferent (sensory)
Receptors to CNS
Efferent (motor)
CNS to effectors
Reflex arc!
- Receptor at dendrite end of sensory neuron
- CNS
- Axons of motor neurons to effectors
Stretch reflex
one synapse btwn sensory/motor neuron
(patellar, calcaneal)
Withdrawl reflex
polysynaptic, interneurons
(touching hot object, stepping on sharp objects)
Plantar reflex
plantar stimulation > plantar flexion of foot
Babinski
dorsiflextion of big toe - newborns
Calcaneal
plantar flexion of foot
Biceps/triceps
strike tension of 2 muscles > extension/flexion of forearm
Blinking/corneal
flexion of eyelids, keeps junk out of eye
About this deck
By: Sarah Polar
Created: 2011-12-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 15
Created: 2011-12-04
Size: 79 flashcards
Views: 15
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj