Prelim 2 Lectures

Psychology 2050 with Cutting at Cornell University

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By: Katie Brent
Created: 2010-11-18
Size: 65 flashcards
Views: 55

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parapsychology

"near to psychology"

mediums

people that can communicate with the dead

psychokinesis

the idea that one can move things with their mind

clairvoyance

the reading of some event one could otherwise have no access to.

type 1 error

reject null hypothesis when it is true (false positive)

type 2 error

accept null hypothesis even though its false (false negative)

sign test

z= (the number of occurrences of a particular pattern of interest) minus .5 minus [(number of observations one has)times (the probability of the problem to happen apriori)] all divided by the square root of (NP(1-P))

apriori

that one assumes something before it happens

associated with chance (like a coin flip 50-50)

a posteriori

means knowing something after the fact

associated with base rate (like births actually not 50-50 although you would think that)

Law of large numbers

expected probabilities are approximated the more occurences of a given phenomenon we have.

luminance

the physical property of things having color and light (perceived as brightness in our brain)

difference of gaussians (DoGs)

also known as the mexican hat function. its computed by multiplying the bell curve for excitation and inhibition of the receptor cells

Gabor function

multiplying a sine wave function with Gaussian

more accurate description of what happens in cortical areas than a sine wave function is

jeffress circuit

a model to explain how temporal inhibition works in audition. shows neurons that measure where both signals intersect. the closer the intersection is to the center of the line the more in front of the subject the sound is coming from.

measures the interaural time difference (or ITD) of two sounds

magno layers

in the LGN big cells

make up about 10 percent of LGN they are rapidly conducting and respond to luminance (light and dark) and not to color

parvo layers

in the LGN smaller cells

relatively slow conducting, respond to color, and make up 80 percent of the LGN

konio layers

bands that are observable between the layers

make up 10 percent of the LGN

macaque brain

the flattened out brain diagram (conformal map)

primary visual cortex

V1: codes seven dimension: orientation, two space dimensions, spatial frequency, motion and rest, eyes (left and right visual fields), and color

tectothalamic system

the tectopulivinar system has information coming from the retina and moves only through the magno cells. (this indicates that the parvo system may be newer in evolution). it then gots to the superior colliculus instead of the LGN, then to the pulvinar, then to V2 (skips V1)

dorsal system

pertains to doing, the one in the top of the brain.

haptic judgments

ventral system

bottom system, is newer and contributes to that perception needed for categorization it is the "what" system

words, matching, verbal and visual judgments

familial left hander

parent or grandparent are also left handed

language is likely in the left hemisphere

nonfamilial left hander

language can be represented in the left side, or bilaterally, in the brain

adductors

muscles that move towards us

like biceps

ipsilaterally controlled and contralaterally

abductors

muscles that take away

contralaterally controlled

sylvian fissure

separates temporal and frontal lobs

developed due to the temporal lobe, which has grown out and extended forward

broca's and Wenicke's area

language areas in the brain on either side of the motor and somatosensory cortex

Broca's area controls ability to talk

Wernicke's area controls the ability to understand

glia

85% of brain cells are not neurons, they are glia, involved in a high number of important things that are so important that they are also involved in a number of devastating diseases

microglia

travel around the brain's intercellular space and fight disease (not with the blood)

astrocytes

guard the blood brain barrier, which is the network of vessels that oxygenate the brain. astrocytes take this oxygen and move it to brain tissue.

oligodendrocytes

wrap themselves around the neurons and have myelin in them, helping insulate the neurons.

ischemic strokes

happen due to a blockade of blood

hemorrhagic strokes

occur when the blood-brain barrier is broken

transient ischemic attacks

passing stokes, normally occur in prior stroke patients

aphasia

language disruption: either can't talk, or can't understand language.

How many receptors per degree are there in our fovea?

120 recepters per degree, so therefore one receptor is the equivalent of 30 seconds of arc.

Landolt chart

eye test chart that doesn't require literacy

snellen chart

requires literacy normal eye chart

vernier acuity

also called hyperacuity can be detected at around 5 seconds of arc (one sixth of a receptor's width)

the ability to tell the difference between two lines that are in perfect alignment or not with each other.

airy's disk

asks how little i can make a disk before you stop seeing it.

as a black disc gets smaller it starts to look grey to the retina not black

Contrast sensitivity function

shows what our eyes see. Everything above the curve is invisble

threshold contrast/ Michelson contrast

can be found by dividing the difference between minimum and maximum amplitudes of the sine wve of the wavelength we see by the sum of these wavelengths.

luminance

amount of light per unit time

astigmatism

occurs when the cornea is not round.

isovisibility controus

address how well one can see different contrasts as a function of their gradients. basically state that if contrast is reduced, having the bars further out fromone another can makethe bars equally visible to those that were closer together but had higher contrast

suprathreshold visibility

when something is clearly visibile, it is not more visible than other clearly visible things.

amodal completion

there is no information in any modality that tells usthat one thing is on top of the other in a drawing.

bottom up

from the stimulus to the retina, to lgn, to v1, etc

stimulus influences how the brain perceives it

top down

brain influences how the stimulus is perceived

gastaltists were top down contenders

magno cells report there and this layer responds to motion

thin stripes receive information from blobs which process color

interblobs

code for form

process color

responds to color and luminance differences

processes form and movement

responds to luminance, high spatial frequency, orientation, and bidirectional movement

processes motion and depth

equiluminant

when color differences are present but luminance differences are not

Lateral inhibition

inhibition (or one excited neuron suppressing the activity of its neighbor neurons) that is transmitted laterally across a nerve circuit. In the retina, lateral inhibition is transmitted by horizontal and amacrine cells.

exceptions to the rule of opposition (things that do not decussate)

olfaction

audition (for some of it)

foveal representation in vision,

manual control (muscular control)

adductors,

and neck muscles

right hemisphere

face perception, certain spatial skills

left hemisphere

language and speech,

normally calls the shots between the two hemispheres

reductionism:

contends that humanities and human sciences can be reduced to psychology, which can be reduced to biology, which can be reduced to chemistry, which can be reduced to physics, which can be reduced to mathematics.

philosophical reductionism contends that it is possible to reduce psychological phenomena to biological ones

methodological reductionism proposes that reductionism is the only route for understanding the world

pragnanz/goodness of form

one of the main gestalt principles that says that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. A form is dynamic and will change.

Thomas Kuhn: how do we choose among theories in science? (Criteria a theory should have)

1 accurate in predictions

2. relatively simple

3. broad in scope

4. internally consistent

5. able to generate new research and findings

Newton's three discoveries

divisibility of white light into rainbow colors

rainbow colors turn into white light

just three colors can still turn into white light

About this deck

By: Katie Brent
Created: 2010-11-18
Size: 65 flashcards
Views: 55

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj