psb-test 2

Psychology 1000 with Dunn at University of Central Florida

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By: jenna friedman
Created: 2011-03-27
Size: 51 flashcards
Views: 42

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effects of cocaine on neurotransmitters and brain areas

slows re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by binding to transporter proteins.

reinforcing properties credited most to dopamine systems (in meso-limbic areas of brain)

why is potential for addiction to cocaine so high?

reinforcing properties credited most to dopamine systems (in meso-limbic areas of brain)

high dose effects of cocaine

mood and personality disorders, toxic paranoid psychosis (like schizophrenia)

low to mild dose -effects of cocaine

euphoria
anorexia
insomnia
increased mental acuity and motor activity
increases sexual interest but decreased sexual functioning (reduced blood flow)

Products that used to use cocaine

toothache cure
in coca-cola
in wine (endorsed by pope)
topical anesthetic in throat and eye surgeries
by runners to improve performance

history of amphetamine uses

soldiers in WW2 used them
Germans seemed superhuman because of amphetamines, defeated several countries by advancing quickly
Hitler received daily methamphetamine injections (this corrupted his judgment and likely shortened the war & saved millions of lives

Neonatal Neurological Syndrome

Brain deformities/lesions: abnormal sleep, tremors, poor feeding, irritability, seizures, sudden infant death syndrome

relationship between smoking and adverse childhood experiences

more events=

greater chance of staring to smoke young
greater chance of being a current smoker
greater chance of being currently depressed

why cigarette smokers continue to smoke

nicotine may be the most addictive substance!
The BIG 3:

rapid neurological reinforcer: activates mid-brain dopamine neurons
Psychological: many learned associations and rituals
Social: readily available (legal and cheap) and part of adolescent/young adult social groups

products that nicotine has been used effectively in

gum
patches
nasal spray
inhalers
bupropion hydrochloride (zyban)

attitudes toward smoking and quitting smoking

all methods of quitting are equally efficacious but quit rate is quite low overall, so effectiveness is limited
if we can stop making it look "cool" or increase regulation on it
good news is that quitting helps at any time (lungs repair to a certain extent)

conditions affected by caffeine use

adds to osteoporosis, panic attacks,

effects of caffeine on performance

improves performance on boring tasks or when tired
adversely affected on delicate coordination, timing, math skills

US caffeine consumption

85% of US uses caffeine daily
We average about 240 milligrams per day for every man, woman, and child living in the US

effects of caffeine on receptor sites

Competitive antagonist of adenosine, blocks adenosine receptors
inhibits release of norepinepherine, dopamine, and GABA. blocking adenosine increases these transmitters
adenosine is a behavioral sedation, dilates cerebral blood vessels and produces asthma

effects of alcohol and smoking and cholesterol

The red wine hypothesis:

anticipating effects and may improve cholesterol
no more than 1 with lunch and 1 with dinner
doesn't work if you smoke and grape juice is even better at anti-clotting

how tolerance to alcohol develops

metabolic, 25% (increased enzymes ,
DIZZY RAT STUDY!

Biological/ genetic factors linked to alcoholism

genetic factors alone CANNOT account for the pathogenesis or alcoholism
alcoholics respond differently to alcohol: higher highs, less lows
no single gene for alcoholism, multiple genes are involved that interact in complex ways
alcoholism runs in families but most alcoholics don't have a strong family and most people with a family history don't develop alcoholism

half-life of alcohol

unlike most other drugs, removal of alcohol is not measured as a half-life

alcohol is metabolized by our bodies at a relatively steady rate, no matter how much you have in your system

Disulfiram (antabuse)

blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
this leads to a build up of acetaldehyde that is very painful and potentially fatal
effects: flushing, coughing, headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, hangover

memory problems and alcohol use

inhibits acetylcholine which causes memory problems

expectancy effects and alcohol

social entrancement
sexual enhancement
loss of control

expectancy predicts future drinking
expectancy accounts for more variance in drinking than all other variables combined.
the alcohol curriculum you were exposed to changes the way your expectancy system works, and that changes you decision making about alcohol us.

what neurotransmitters are affected by alcohol use?

enhances GABA and dopamine (feel good effects)
inhibits acetylcholine

history of cocaine use and amphetamine use

south American Indians used it
the spanish introduced it to europe-caused epidemic
1920-amphetamines are synthetic drugs (popularity went down in 1970s and 80s)
cocaine one of the most frequently abused in 80s and 90s when it is smokable crack
methamphetamine returns to popularity

differences between cocaine and amphetamines

are virtually identical except that cocaine is metabolized rapidly and thus has a short duration of action (20-80 minutes) whereas amphetamine effects are more prolonged (4-12 hours)

similarities between cocaine and amphetamines

both:

act through the monoamine neurotransmitter
are symptathomimetic drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate,and cause pupil dilation

ADHD

Ritalin (methyphenidate), amphetamines (adderall) and other stimulants are widely used to treat ADHD

duration of different routes of administration of cocaine

oral
smokable *cocaine sulfate
intranasal injection
smokable *crack-10-20 minutes of euphoria

effect of amphetamines on neurotransmitters

monoamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

diseases linked with chronic use of amphetamines

depression
meth mouth
brain damage

psychosis from stimulant use

stimulant psychosis: paranoid delusions and disorientation resembling the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, caused by prolonged use or overdose of cocaine

cocaine withdrawal symptoms

depression
anxiety
changes in appetite
sleep disturbances
craving

medical uses of cocaine and amphetamine

as a local anesthetic, it has a numbing effect
also since it constricts blood vessels it is still used for surgery on areas such as face, due to the fact that it reduces bleeding and pain

relationship between stimulant drugs and performance

tasks involving physical endurance
increase physical strength
study aid
cognitive tasks (increased errors)

forms of tobacco past and present

cigarettes (most popular)
cigars
snuff
chewing tobacco
pipe tobacco

treatment trends and relapse with nicotine

focus on stopping nicotine-withdrawal symptoms
breaking the behavioral or habit part of smoking
teaching stress reduction skills

how/where nicotine is most readily absorbed in the body

the lungs

age & smoking prevalence

decreased in 1965 in adults
smoking initiation among 12-17 year olds increased but decreased after

Tolerance to nicotine

functional tolerance to nicotine's effects is acquired quickly.
dispositional tolerance to nicotine also develops

nicotine neurotransmitter

stimulates acetylcholine
releases adrenaline
inhibits GI activity

diseases linked to smoking and nicotine use

heart disease
chronic obstructive lung disease (emphysema)
cancer

substance abstinence without formal treatment

without formal treatment you may have to try to quit multiple times

trends in tobacco use

trends of smoking vary according to age, gender, racial/ethnic identity, education and employment status

caffeine concentration in drinks, highest? lowest?

highest: high concentration energy drinks
lowest: ginger ale

primary action of caffeine

blocking of adenosine

half life of caffeine

3.5-5 hours

effects of chronic caffeine use

osteoporosis
serum cholestoral: when one level goes up the other rises
some pregnancy problems (limited)

caffeine withdrawal: symptoms, onset and duration

headache and fatigue (basic opposite effects from the caffeine)
12-24 hours of cessation
may last about a week
11% report symptoms

alcohol's short/long term effects on the brain

short term: GABA receptors are one locus that likely is a specific neural site of action
long term: impaired memory and other cognitive functions

standard drinks

the alcohol equivalent in a drink of beer, wine or distilled spirits. A standard drink equals 0.5 ounce of alcohol-about the alcohol content in 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of table wine, or 1 ounce of 90-100 proof whiskey

enzyme associated with metabolism of alcohol

dehydrogenase, in the liver at a constant rate of .35 ounces and hour

About this deck

By: jenna friedman
Created: 2011-03-27
Size: 51 flashcards
Views: 42

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj