PSY 211 (Exam 2)
Psychology 211 with Tatum at San Diego State University
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy
Sign up (free) to study this.
Operant (emitted) behavior
The behavior shown to get a response from the environment (crossing your legs)
- Behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences bc behavior operates on environment
- Thorndike: success selects behavior not failure
Law of effect
Behavior is a function of its consequences. The strength of its behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process, since it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly or indirectly, produces effect. + consequences are strengthened also.
- Thorndike: 1st person to show that behavior is systematically strengthened by consequences
- Thorndike: 1st person to show that behavior is systematically strengthened by consequences
Positive reinforcement
something an individual seeks out; reward; increase
Negative reinforcement
Removing hand from stove; decrease
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
and reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers. (praise, recognition, money)
Generalized reinforcer
any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers ($, praise)
Superstitious conditioning
accidentally reinforced; no relationship but they continue based on that one reinforcement and each time it gets accidentally reinforced again it only makes it stronger (bball coach always wearing a red sweater to the games)
Successive approximation (shaping)
Procedure of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior; slowly training, step by step, rewarding each step as it goes along
Acquisition
gradual increase of withholding in responding when reinforcing stimulus follows that behavior (potty training)
Extinction
Procedure of withholding the reinforcers that maintain behavior (ignore tantrum)
Spontaneous recovery
Sudden reappearance of a behavior following its extinction (return of tantrums after staying at grandma's house)
Primary drives
Motivational force, tension from unfulfilled needs/ desires (hunger, thirst) (Hall's- Drive reduction theory)
Secondary drives
Motivational force, tension from unfulfilled needs/ desires (success. popularity) (learned by conditioning)
Dependent on association with drive reducing primary reinforcement
Dependent on association with drive reducing primary reinforcement
Three term contingency
SR-S learning- all three elements are essential. ABC the antecedents of behavior A, the behavior that occurs in that situation B, and the consequences of behavior C. ABC must be identified to describe operant learning experience.
Thorndike was the first to...
Take a NATURAL SCIENCE approach to behavior
A reinforcer is a stimulus that...
reduces one or more drives
Free operant procedure
Skinner: The behavior may be repeated any # of times, usually the dependent variable is the # of times a particular behavior occurs a min. (pressing a lever)
Neuringer's page
Study of pigeons/ pecking patterns - random
Allen Neuringer
Any feature of a behavior (intensity, frequency, rate, duration, shape, form) may be strengthened so long a reinforcer can be made contingent on that particular feature
Olds and Milner
Showed reinforcing potential of electrical stimulation of brain/ ESB
What is the one key condition for effective reinforcement?
For rewards to be effective they must occur after the response. Does NOT have to be a direct consequence of the response, organism does NOT have to be aware of if, does NOT need to reduce the drive
Identify the sequence of events that leads to reinforcement or punishment
Response -> stimulus event -> increase future response = reinforcement (+/-) (onset/ offset) OR decrease future response = Punishment (+/-/ extinction)
Why is classical conditioning termed S-S?
There are 2 stimuli
Why is operant conditioning termed R-S?
There is a response and a stimulus
Neg. Punishment
In attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus (When child talks back to parent they lose a privilege)
John Baldwin
Adds sensory stimulation to list of primary reinforcers
To describe operant learning experience you must identify 3 elements...
1) initial situation
2) behavior that occurs in situation
3) change in situation following behavior
2) behavior that occurs in situation
3) change in situation following behavior
Pavlovian
involuntary (reflexive behavior) (eye blink)
Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscles and glands
Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscles and glands
Operant
Voluntary (eye wink)
Somatic
Voluntary nervous system and skeletal muscles
(Occurs simultaneously with Pavlovian)
Somatic
Voluntary nervous system and skeletal muscles
(Occurs simultaneously with Pavlovian)
The relation between reinforcer size or strength and learning is...
NOT linear
What are the 2 processes in the 2-process theory of avoidance?
Pavlovian and operant learning
Positive punishment
a behavior is followed by the presentation of or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus (type 1 punishment)
Behavior that depends on smooth muscles and glands is...
harder to reinforce than behavior that depends on skeletal muscles
Premack Principle
High probability/ likely/ strong behavior reinforces low probability/ unlikely/ weak behavior
Problem with Premack theory
Secondary reinforcers. Theory does not explain why the word yes is reinforcing. Low probability will reinforce high probability of a person has been stopped from low probability
Advantage of Premack theory
Empirical, no hypothetical concepts
DRI
Differential reinforcement of compatible behavior: a form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced (smiling incompatible with frowning)
- good for self injurious behavior
- good for self injurious behavior
Racial prejudice probably involves...
Semantic generalization
Examples of time related schedules
-Fixed time- unemployment compensation
-Variable time- fishing (may or may not catch fish/ luck)
-Fixed duration- child playing piano (if child practices for full hour they are given cookies as a reinforcer)
-Variable duration- child playing piano, but lesson time is variable and there is no telling when reinforcer will appear
-Variable time- fishing (may or may not catch fish/ luck)
-Fixed duration- child playing piano (if child practices for full hour they are given cookies as a reinforcer)
-Variable duration- child playing piano, but lesson time is variable and there is no telling when reinforcer will appear
What are the essential elements of Spence Gradient Theory of discrimination? How dies it differ from the Lashley- Wade theory?
Generalization occurs bc the animal has had too little experience with the stimuli involved to be able to discriminate among them.
S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between extinction and inhibition.
S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between extinction and inhibition.
Discriminative stimulus
Respond to original conditioned stimulus but not other similar stimulation. (Marine not responding to fear when facing another person wearing very similar hat that is used by officer marines)
When recruits learn to make their beds correctly bc this gets the drill instructor to stop yelling this illustrates
Neg reinforcement
Responding differently to the senior drill instructor than the regular is an example of?
Discrimination
Marine recruits learn to tell the difference between enlisted personnel and officers by the insignias they wear. These insignias are examples of?
discriminative stimuli
What was the original purpose of imprisonment as a form of criminal justice is the US?
Before the revolutionary war, jails were used for debtors and those awaiting trial
Classical conditioning refers to behaviors that are emitted; operant conditioning refers to behaviors that are elicited
FALSE
A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has reinforcing properties bc it has been associated with other reinforcers
TRUE
Crossing and recrossing your legs during a lecture is an example of?
Operant conditioning
For rewards to be effective they must?
Occur after the response
The bball coach at Indiana University always used to wear the same red sweater at the games. We can say this resulted from?
Accidental reinforcement of superstitious behavior
The relative value theory of reinforcement should predict that low probability will punish the high probability behaviors they follow (eating pizza after you study will reduce pizza eating)
TRUE
The difference between + and - punishment is that + punishment suppress behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus, - punishment suppresses behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus
TRUE
A certain 2year old hates to go to bed at night. Whenever she sees dad coming with her PJ's she runs and hides. this is a result of?
Avoidance conditioning
Suppose I only gave you credit for every 5 questions you answered correctly on a test. What kind of reinforcement schedule would this represent?
Fixed ratio
Sam is waiting for a train to arrive. As the time for arrive gets closer and closer, Sam looks up more frequently from the book he is reading. His behavior is probably following which schedule of reinforcement?
Fixed time schedule
Joe likes to brag about his son's exploits on the soccer field. Sometimes people just ignore him, but sometimes they listen and smile when he tells his stories. You'd think he would get the message that people don't care, but he persists bragging. His behavior shows evidence of
Resistance to extinction
A good schedule for getting a hyperactive child to calm down is differential reinforcement for low rate (DRL)
TRUE
If learning to draw human figures helps a child learn to draw animal figures, we would say that + transfer has occurred
TRUE
If you were really good at telling whether people were lying by recognizing facial features, your ability would be an example of response discrimination
FALSE
*** stimulus discrimination
*** stimulus discrimination
When my daughter was 3 she learned to say STOP when I came to red traffic light and Go when I came to a green light. Jenna's behavior towards the light demonstrated
Stimulus discrimination
Abuse refers to actions that lead to a physical or mental harm not just getting people to do something they do not want to do
TRUE
Punishment crosses the line into abuse when the receiver of the punishment is forced to do something against his or her own will
FALSE
Partial reinforcement refers to
giving rewards only part of the trails
A continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule is basically a fixed ratio (FR) schedule (FR-1)
TRUE
An example of ration strain occurs when a rat is required to exert a strenuous amount of effort each time he presses the bar
FALSE
As the stimulus generalization gradient becomes steeper, the animal is demonstrating greater discrimination
TRUE
Which of the following is NOT a source of + transfer?
Response interference
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy