Psych 111, Chapter 1

Psychiatry 111 with Schreier at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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By: Reeya Shah
Created: 2011-09-28
Size: 58 flashcards
Views: 53

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Psychology

The scientific investigation of mental processes and behaviors; reflects the influences of biological processes, individual differences, time, and culture

4 Goals of Psychology

Describe how people and animals behave

Understand and explain the causes of behavior

Predict behaviors/reactions across situations

Control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences

Biological Perspective (Biopsychology)

Understand the mind and behavior through biological processes in the brain; electrical and chemical processes of neurons; localization of function (Phineas Gage; iron through head, personality changed)

Psychodynamic Perspective

Much of Freud's work; identified the role of unconscious forces which determine behavior; personality is determined by early life experiences; drives and motivations conflict leading to compromises (defense mechanisms, symptoms); unconscious mind (repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions) and conscious mind (acknowledged thoughts, memories, emotions)

Behaviorist Perspective

Focus on observable behavioral responses; the environmental impact on a person's actions; classical conditioning; operant conditioning; social learning theory

Classical Conditioning

Look at associative learning (stimulus, response, etc.); Pavlov;

associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus

Operant Conditioning

You'll do something if rewarded (increase behaviors that are rewarded, decrease behaviors that are punished)

Social Learning Theory

Learning can take place even if you are not personally rewarded or punished;

people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people; Bandura Bobo Doll Study (saw aggressive behavior performed upon a bobo doll, and observers, when they participated, performed new types of aggressive behavior)

Cognitive Perspective

Reintroduced how one thinks affects behavior and responses; the mental processes involved in knowing; how one understands and then thinks about solving problems; focus on storage and retrieval of information; mind is like a computer

Positive Psychology

Focus on the adaptive, creative, and positive aspects of the human experience (Seligman, Peterson...); look at subjective experiences of positive emotions: contentment, happiness, optimism; identify positive traits such as kindness, caring, resilience; explore social elements of adaptive and positive functioning: families, communities, work environments

Developmental (Area of Research Study)

Change and growth over the lifespan

Social (Area of Research Study)

Individual and group behaviors and responses across situations; social psychology also studies altruism and bystander behavior; Milgram's Obedience to Authority Study, Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

Experimental (Area of Research Study)

Conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and cognition

Physiological (Biopsychological) (Area of Research Study)

Looks at genetic influences and factors on behavior: movement, sleep, split-brain research

Cognitive (Area of Research Study)

Explores higher level mental processes like memory, reasoning, information processing, and creativity

Personality (Area of Research Study)

Define, describe, and measure the stability of behaviors and personality traits over time

Psychometric (Area of Research Study)

Looks at the measurement of behavior through the development of psychological tests

Health (Area of Research Study)

Interaction between psychological factors and physical well-being and illness

Educational (Area of Research Study)

How to create the best learning environment; explores curriculum design, teacher training, and student assessment

Clinical (Applied Psychology)

Diagnose and treat emotional problems. Neuropsychology and Forensic Psychology

Neuropsychology

Focus on central nervous system disorders, trauma, dementia

Forensic Psychology

Interact with the legal system involving competency, custody, and risk assessment

Counseling (Applied Psychology)

Deal with problems of everyday life and transitions

School Psychologist (Applied Psychology)

Enhance school performance and resolve emotional problems, curriculum, and teacher training

Industrial/Organizational (Applied Psychology)

Staff human service departments in business working on issues of morale, job satisfaction, and productivity issues

Empirical (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

Based on observation

Theoretically Diverse (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

Many theories within psychology; no single theory can explain everything that is known about behavior

Sociohistorical Context (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

Psychology does not exist in a cultural vacuum; progress in psychology effects trends, events, issues, and values in society

Determined by multiple causes (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

Behavior is exceedingly complex, and most aspects of behavior are determined by multiple causes

Shaped by cultural heritage (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

People's cultural backgrounds exert considerable influence over their behavior

Interaction of heredity and environment (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

Nature vs. nurture? Heredity and environment are both important

Experiences are subjective (Organizing Theme for Psychology)

People actively process incoming stimulation, selectively focusing on some aspects of that stimulation while ignoring others; people tend to see what they expect to see

Wilhelm Wundt

German professor; mounted a campaign to make psychology an independent discipline.

1879: established the first laboratory for research in psych in Leipzig

1874: he declared psychology to be a science and defined psychology.

G. Stanley Hall

Growth of psychology in USA; established USA first research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in 1883, launched America’s first psychology journal in 1887, establishment of the APA in 1892.

Edward Titchener

Leader of the structuralism movement. He altered Wundt’s work for America, designing structuralism

Structuralism

The notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

William James

Dominant figure in psychology, leader of functionalism; and his book Principles of Psychology (1890) became the standard reading for generations of psychologists and is considered one of the most influential texts in the history of psychology; stream of consciousness; habits; conception of self;

Functionalism

The belief that psychology should investigate the function/purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure; looked at consciousness as a flow

Mary Whiton Calkins

Studied under William James; founded one of the first dozen psych laboratories; invented a widely used technique for studying memory; became the first woman to serve as president of the APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psych; wrote The Animal Mind -- impetus to the subsequent emergence of behaviorism; second woman to serve as president of APA

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

Pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, gifted children; debunked popular theories of her era that tried to explain why women were inferior to men

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physicist; efforts to treat mental disorders; psychoanalysis; unconscious; psychoanalytic theory; people are not masters of their own minds; sexual urges; personality, motivation, and abnormal behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud; attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

John B. Watson

Founder of behaviorism; proposed that psychologists abandon the study of consciousness altogether; mental processes are not proper subjects for scientific study because they are private; believed in nurture over nature

Behavior

Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism

BF Skinner

Pavlov and Watson; insisted that mental events could not be studied scientifically/no need to study them; environmental factors mold behavior; tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and not repeat responses that lead to neutral/negative outcomes; free will is an illusion

Humanism

Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth; optimistic view of human nature; humans are fundamentally different from other animals

Carl Rogers

Humanism; human behavior is governed primarily by each individual's sense of self; fundamental human drive toward personal growth; person-centered theory

Martin Seligman

APA President 1997; positive psychology movement -- shift the field's focus away from negative experiences to positive subjective experiences, positive individual traits, and positive institutions and communities

Critical Thinking

Purposeful, reasoned, goal-directed thinking that involves solving problems, formulating inferences, working with probabilities, and making carefully thought-out decisions

Culture

Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

Evolutionary Psychology

Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations; premise is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' reproductive success

Introspection

The careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience

Natural Selection

Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time

Unconscious

Contais thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

SQ3R

survey, question, read, recite, review

Testwiseness

Ability to use the characteristics and format of a cognitive test to maximize one's score

About this deck

By: Reeya Shah
Created: 2011-09-28
Size: 58 flashcards
Views: 53

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy