PSYCH EXAM 1

Psychology 1100 with Salamone at University of Connecticut

About this deck

By: Jane Goehrke
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)

Principles of General Chemistry

Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals
Created: 2011-10-09
Size: 94 flashcards
Views: 34

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Philosophy (history of psych)

emphasis on memory, learning, acquisition of knowledge

Medicine/physiology (history of psych)

emphasis on sensory processes, learning mechanisms

Geisteswissenschaft

"social science"

Naturewissenschaft

"natural science"

Greek Influence

"psyche"-greek word referring to "mind" and "soul"

Greek physicians made advances in medicine

Physics (emergence of modern sciences)

discoveries and theories in physics revolutionized how people view physical world

(gravity, solar system, etc)

Chemistry (emergence of modern sciences)

helped people understand the chemical composition of their surroundings

(we're composed of much smaller parts)

Descartes

"body/mind dualism"

body operates according to mechanical principles (body is a machine)

mind is SEPARATE from body (interacts through pineal gland)

Spinoza

"mind/body monist"

"two pieces of the same puzzle"

established a philosophical basis for much of psychology and neuroscience

British empiricists and associationism (Locke and Hume)

emphasized sensory experience as the basis of knowledge (we interact with out environment)

"laws of association"=things happen close in time, make a connection, and learn from it

-law of temporal contiguity

developments in physiology and medicine

propelled the field forward

harvey: basis of circulation ...heart acts as pump (works as machine)

physiology:changed way life science was viewed...began to be viewed as scientific phenomena

phrenology

feeling bumps on skull-assumed that different brain areas had different functions

led to popularize the idea that there was LOCALIZATION of function in the brain

Phineas Gage

Steel pole through his head

helped scientists learn that we dont need a whole brain to survive

different parts of our brain serve different functions (language, aspects of behavior)

Wilhelm Wundt

established first psychology lab in 1879

him and William James wrote influential (first) psych textbooks

Ivan Pavlov

studied the physiology of reflexes, later discovered basic mechanisms of learning (conditioning)

Pavlov's Dog

Neuron

-operating unit

-nerve cells, the basic cellular units of the nervous system

soma

body of neuron

dendrite

tree branches off of soma

-INCOMING NEURONS"

axon

can be covered with myelin for insulation

long stem of neuron

terminal

connect to dendrites of another neuron for outgoing signals

synapse

-point of functional connection between two neurons

neurotransmitters

chemical signals released from the terminals of the presynaptic neuron when an action potential reaches the terminal

Central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

axons, terminals, and cell bodies in the rest of the body (not brain and spinal cord)

-including sensory, motor, and autonomic [digestive] systems)

aggregation of cell bodies (somata) in CNS

nucleus

sometime called gray matter

aggregations of cell bodies (somata) in PNS

ganglion

sometime called gray matter

bundles of axons in CNS

tract

sometime called white matter

bundles of axons in PNS

nerve

sometimes called white matter

Lesion method

study effects of tissue damage

-lesioning=when you damage tissue

-lobotomy=scraping lobe tissue

EEG (electroencephalograph)

stick things on the skull and observe

records fluctuations in electrical activity, useful for sleep and epilepsy research

ERP

an EEG response evoked by a stimulus given by an experimenter

single neuron recording

records action potentials from individual neurons (mouse in a maze)

place cells

specific cells that are always firing

microdialysis

often used in animal research

analyze fluid of certain area of cerebrospinal fluid

drugs

great for research

study how drugs (which cause neurochemical change) affect behavior

CT or CAT scan

see overview of brain structure

sMRI (structural magnectic resonance imaging)

brain structure (same as CT, but finer image)

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

shows flow of oxygenated blood

functions of different regions of the brain

PET (positron emission tomography)

glucose-related metabolic activity

can see difference in brain when hearing words vs seeing words

sources of PNS serves

spinal nerves

cranial nerves (originate in brain)

functions of peripheral nerves

sensory, motor (direct to muscle tissue, autonomic (controlled by brain, tells organs what to do

Autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

control automatic and regulatory functions such as heart rate, blood flow, digestion, excretion, and breathing

Sympathetic nervous system

tends to "speed you up"-promote energy expenditure

activated by exercise, stress, powerful emotions

causes adrenal gland to release adrenalin-part of the "fight or flight" response

parasympathetic nervous system

tends to conserve energy, promote digestion, secretion (saliva, stomach acids), reduce heart rate and rate of breathing

organizations of the brain (5 parts)

telencephalon, diencephalon, (IN FOREBRAIN) mesencephalon (AKA MIDBRAIN), metencephalon, and myelencephalon (HINDBRAIN)

myelencephalon

-found in hindbrain

-contains MEDULLA (medulla oblongata)-probably die if damaged

-life support, especially breathing, control of digestion, and sensory motor functions

metencephalon

-contains PONS-sensory and motor function; connections to cerebellum

-contains CEREBELLUM-gets info from pons and allows for coordinated movement

-motor coordination (decomposition of movement-fragmented info)

-learning (muscle memory)

damage causes motor problems

mesencephalon

-TECTUM ("roof")

superior colliculus: important for motor function; vision (see something and says what to do with it)

inferior colliculus: acts as a relay nucleus for hearing pathways

-TEGMENTUM ("floor")

substantia nigra: motor control contains cells that use the DA, these cells die in parkinson's disease

diencephalon

-HYPOTHALAMUS [several discrete nuclei]-involved in aspects of motivation (eating, thirst, desire for sex), communication between brain and endocrine system;regulates functions of pituitary gland

-THALAMUS-important relay area; sensory relay for vision, hearing, touch, taste;thalamic map (info coming in, info going back out)

Telencephalon

-BASAL GANGLIA-involved in motor function and sensory/motor integration (motivated movement), receives dopamine input from substantia nigra

-LIMBIC SYSTEM

septum:involved in aspects of learning

amygdala: aspects of learning, especially important for emotional processes (damage causes mood swings)

hippocampus:critical for forming NEW MEMORIES

neocortex

-part of telencephalon

-"new" evolutionary

-has 6 layers

-gyrus "hill" (outward fold) and sulcus "valley" (inward fold)

-divided into frontal parietal temporal and occipital lobes

functional areas on neocortex

frontal-motor

occipital-vision

parietal-somatosensory (touch)

temporal- auditory

PRIMARY functional areas and areas known as SECONDARY areas (needed for actual action)

language areas

-BROCA'S AREA-front lobe, motor production of speech (assembling words)

-WERNICKE's AREA-mainly in temporal lobe, comprehension of language and generation of meaningful language

both typically found in only left hemisphere

Corpus callosum

axons that link left and ride sides of neocortex together

lower motor neurons

-lowest level of motor control

-located in spinal cord and brain stem

-organize rhythmic activities such as winged flight, locomotion, or chewing

resting membrane potential

-at rest, inside of a nerve cell membrane is about -70mV relative to outside

-K+ channels mostly open

-Cl- channels mostly open

-Na+ channels MOSTLY CLOSED

-Na+ pump is spending energy to pump Na+ out and not let it back in

-negative because Na+ moved out

important ions for electrophysiology of neurons

-we are mostly H2O

-anions (-) and cations (+)

-sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

-Na+ and Cl- largest amounts in body

forces that move ions

-movement along a chemical gradient (diffusion)

-movement along an electrical gradient

membrane bound proteins

-channels: pores that open and close allowing ions to pass through

-receptors: detect the presence of neurotransmitters; transmits bind to receptor

-enzymes: biological catalysts that promote chemical reactions, they synthesize transmitters and intracellular signals known as "second messengers"

-transport mechanisms: pumps

ESP

-excitatory postsynaptic potential; small movement in the positive direction

-"depolarization"

IPSP

inhibitory postsynaptic potential; small movement in the negative direction

-"hyperpolarization"

action potential

very large, rapid change in positive direction followed by return to baseline

-when the neuron "fires"

-action potential fires when voltage crosses the threshold

graded and decremental

ESPs and IPSPs are graded (vary in size) and decremental (get smaller as they move away from a certain point)

-like ripples in the water

gaba and glutamate

mechanisms that produce ESPs and IPSPs

glutamate-excitatory

gaba-inhibitory

mechanisms underlying action potential

-voltage shoots up in positive direction (wave of sodium) and then shoots down in negative direction (K+ moving out)

examples of neurotransmitters

-glutamate, gaba, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

-important neuromodulater: adenosine

stages of chemical transmission

synthesis-transmitter made by enzyme

storage-stored in vesicles

release-released from terminals

post-synaptic action-moves across synapse, acts on receptors

inactivation-by enzymes or uptake

antidepressants

-prozac, zoloft

-block the inactivation of serotonin

antipsychotic drugs

-haldol, thorazine, clozapine

-block receptors for dopamine

antianxiety drugs

-valium, xanax, librium

-facilitate the inhibitory actions of gaba on a type of gaba receptor

major stimulant drugs

-cocaine, meth, ritalin

-block the inactivation of dopamine, stimulate the release of dopamine

minor stimulant drugs

-caffeine, theophylline

-block adenosine receptors

psychophysics

-the field that relates the physical characteristics of stimuli to their psychological characteristics

-JND=just noticeable different; the minimal amount of physical change in a stimulus can be detected

absolute threshold

the minimal intensity of physical stimulus that can be detected

stevens power law

the relation between physical intensity and psychological intensity is linear on a log-log plot, but different modalities have different slopes

signal detection theory

-designed to handle problems with the measurement of thresholds

-subjects report the presence of absence of an event that may or may not have occurred

-subjects can be correct or incorrect in different ways

amplitude of sound waves

measured in decibels, related to the loudness of a sound

frequency of sound waves

measured in cycles per second (hertz), related to the pitch of sound

the ear

-eardrum-vibrates in synchrony with sound waves

-middle ear ossicles-small bones (malleus, incus, stapes) convey vibrations from the eardrum

-inner ear: the cochlea *snail* -signals are conveyed to the brain by the auditory nerve

cochlea

-several membranes

-filled with fluid

-haircells: sense receptor cells for hearing (transduce the physical stimulus into neural signals)

frequency principle

the frequency of sound is directly related to the frequency of action potentials that are generated

problem: neurons cannot fire fast enough for high frequency sounds

place principle

different places on the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. the place principle operates at frequencies higher than 200 hertz

vision

-physical stimulus: the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

-wavelength of light is the part of the physical stimulus that is associated with the perception of color

the eye

-LENS-focuses light on to the retina (also inverts it)

-RETINA-contains the rods and cones which are receptor cells for vision

-BLIND SPOT (SCOTOMA)-produced because one part of the retina does not contain receptor cells, axons exit through this spot

eye continued

OPTIC NERVE- contains axons that convey visual info to the brain

FOVEA-center of retine, projection zone for the center of the visual field

CENTRAL SCOTOMA-blind spot produced in the center when background light is low (looking at star at night)

inner layer of retina

-contains rods and cones

-RODS: very sensitive to low levels of light, color insensitive

-CONES:less sensitive to low levels of light, color sensitive

middle layer of retina

bipolar cells convey information from rods and cones to ganglion cells in outer layer

outer layer of retina

ganglion cells receive information from bipolar cells; cell bodies are in the retina but axons bundle together to form the optic nerve for each eye

optic chiasm crossings

visual image from the left side of field ends up in right side of brain, and vice versa

photopic vision

-"day" vision

-high background light

-high acuity (sharpness of image)

-good color vision

-low sensitivity

-CONE DEPENDENT

scotopic vision

"night vision"

-low background light

-poor sharpness

-poor color vision *think a red car is black*

-ROD DEPENDENT

trichromatic theory

there are three different primary colors that can blend together and make other colors

opponent process theory

there are TWO different processes, and within each process there are antagonisitic color dimenions or processes

red vs green

blue vs yellow